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 The Sake Brewing Process
Five crucial elements are involved in brewing sake -- water, rice, technical skill, yeast, and land / weather. More than anything else, sake is a result of a brewing process that
uses rice and lots of water. In fact, water comprises as much as 80% of the final product, so fine water and fine rice are natural prerequisites if one hopes to brew great sake. But
beyond that, the technical skill needed to pull this all off lies with the toji (head brewers), the type of yeast they use, and the limitations entailed by local land and weather conditions.
Please visit the links shown above for a detailed review of the crucial ingredients.
QUICK OVERVIEW
Rice is washed and steam-cooked. This is then mixed with
yeast and koji (rice cultivated with a mold known technically as aspergillus oryzae). The whole mix is then allowed to ferment, with more rice, koji, and water added in three
batches over four days. This fermentation, which occurs in a large tank, is called shikomi. The quality of the rice, the degree to which the koji mold has propagated,
temperature variations, and other factors are different for each shikomi.
This mash is allowed to sit from 18 to 32 days, after which it is pressed, filtered and
blended. This would be enough to get you through most conversations. But let us look at the main steps and processes a bit more closely.
 Rice Milling
 
 After proper sake rice (in the case of premium sake, anyway) has been secured, it is milled, or polished, to prepare it for brewing good sake. This is not as simple
as it might sound, since it must be done gently so as to not generate too much heat (which adversely affects water absorption) or not crack the rice kernels (which is not
good for the fermentation process). In the photo on left, the rice in top left corner is unmilled, the rice next to it has only 70% of kernel remaining, while the rice at bottom
has been milled so only 35% remains. The photo at top right (with red background) shows rice ground to 50%. The amount of milling greatly influences the taste. For more
on this topic, please visit Types of Sake page.
Washing and Soaking
Next, the white powder (called nuka) left on the rice after polishing is washed away, as this makes a significant
difference in the final quality of the steamed rice. (It also affects the flavor of table rice; try washing your rice very thoroughly and notice the difference in consistency and
flavor.) Following that, it is soaked to attain a certain water content deemed optimum for steaming that particular rice. The degree to which the rice has been milled in the
previous step determines what its pre-steaming water content should be. The more a rice has been polished, the faster it absorbs water and the shorter the soaking
time. Often it is done for as little as a stopwatch-measured minute, sometimes it is done overnight.
Steaming
Next the rice is steamed. Note this is different from the way table rice is prepared. It is not mixed with water and brought to a boil; rather, steam is brought up
through the bottom of the steaming vat (traditionally called a koshiki) to work its way through the rice. This gives a firmer consistency and slightly harder outside
surface and softer center. Generally, a batch of steamed rice is divided up, with some going to have koji mold sprinkled over it, and
some going directly to the fermentation vat. (Photo at left: rice steaming in koshiki, or vat).
Koji Making (Seigiku)
This is the heart of the entire brewing process, really, and could have several chapters, if not books, written about it.
Summarizing, koji mold in the form of a dark, fine powder is sprinkled on steamed rice that has been cooled. It is then taken to a special room within which a higher than average
humidity and temperature are maintained. Over the next 36 to 45 hours, the developing koji is checked, mixed and re-arranged
constantly. The final product looks like rice grains with a slight frosting on them, and smells faintly of sweet chestnuts. Koji is used at least four times throughout the
process, and is always made fresh and used immediately. Therefore, any one batch goes through the "heart of the process" at least four times. (Photo: Koji being cultivated
in small trays, and a grain of rice cultavated with koji mold).
The yeast starter (shubo or moto)
A yeast starter, or seed mash of sorts, is first created. This is done by mixing
finished koji and plain steamed white rice from the above two steps, water and a concentration of pure yeast cells. Over the next two weeks, (typically) a concentration of
yeast cells that can reach 100 million cells in one teaspoon is developed. ( Photo at right: the moto, or shubo yeast starter, foaming away.)
The Mash (Moromi)
After being moved to a larger tank, more rice, more koji and more water are
added in three successive stages over four days, roughly doubling the size of the batch each time. This is the main mash, and as it ferments over the next 18 to 32 days, its
temperature and other factors are measured and adjusted to create precisely the flavor profile being sought.
Pressing (joso)
When everything is just right (no easy decision!), the sake is pressed. Through one of several methods, the white lees (called
kasu) and unfermented solids are pressed away, and the clear sake runs off. This is most often done by machine, although the older
methods involving putting the moromi in canvas bags and squeezing the fresh sake out, or letting the sake drip out of the bags,
are still used. (Photo at right: bags of moromi from which sake is being drip-pressed. Below Photo: a fune, used for pressing sake out of bags of moromi).
Filtration (roka)
After sitting for a few days to let more solids settle out, the sake is usually charcoal filtered to adjust flavor and color. This is done to different degrees at different
breweries, and is goes a long way in dictating the style.
Pasteurization
Most sake is then pasteurized once. This is done by heating it quickly by passing it through a pipe immersed in
hot water. This process kills off bacteria and deactivates enzymes that would likely adverse flavor and color later on. Sake that is not pasteurized is called namazake, and
maintains a certain freshness of flavor, although it must be kept refrigerated to protect it.
Aging
Finally, most sake is left to age about six months, rounding out the flavor, before shipping. Before shipping it is mixed with a bit of pure water to bring the near 20 percent
alcohol down to 16 percent or so, and blended to ensure consistency. Also, it is usually pasteurized a second time at this stage. It is somewhat unfair to the sake-brewing craft
and industry to reduce sake brewing down to the short explanation above, but excessive detail would soon go beyond the scope of this book. The basics are as explained here.
Changes Over the Years
Over the centuries, naturally there were many adjustments and changes to the sake brewing process. These arose to either make better sake, or to make sake more
economically. Sometimes, advances in the economic forum also lead to improved sake quality.
One of the most important advances was the improvement in rice-polishing equipment.
Originally, rice was stomped on in a vat to remove the husks. Later, water wheels and grinding stones were used. Today, there are great computer-controlled machines that
will polish off the specified percentage of the outside of the grains, and do it in a specified amount of time (with longer being better). This minimized damage from
friction heat and cracked grains.
Another major advance was the use of ceramic-lined or stainless steel tanks, now the
standard, over cedar tanks, which were used for hundreds of years. This has drastically improved the quality and purity of sake since the beginning of this century.
Then there is the pressing stage. Until the early 1900's, all sake was pressed by pouring the moromi into canvas bags which were then put into a large wooden box
called a fune. The lid was then cranked down into the box, squeezing out the sake. Now, almost all sake is pressed with a huge, accordion-like machine that squeezes the
moromi between balloon-like inflating panels, making disposal of the lees (called kasu) simple.
Almost all breweries will still press some of their best sake in the old way, using a fune.
It does indeed make subtly noticeably better sake. But the accordion-like machine (called an Assaku-ki) is so much more efficient, and the fune so labor intensive, that the
tradeoffs are only worth it for top-grade sake.
Most controversially, however, is the koji making equipment. It is truly amazing how the
slightest differences in koji can affect the flavor of the final product. Traditionally, koji is all made by hand in wood-paneled rooms kept warm and humid. As this is such a labor
-intensive step, many changes have come about, and a lot of them are rejected later. (It is interesting to note that almost all super premium sake like daiginjo is made using hand-made koji.)
There are now large machines that will perform part or all of the koji making process, doing the work of several individuals. There are countless manifestations
of these, all attempting to imitate the skill and intuition of the human masters. Other changes include stainless steel instead of wood walls. The risk of the development of
unwanted mold is reduced, but humidity is affected. In the end, there are countless arguments for and against these changes. Subtle changes in daily temperature and rice
quality may not always be picked up by machines, but for example sanitation can be greatly improved upon. Naturally, technological progress to some degree is necessary for the industry to survive.
 Click thumbnail at right to view FLOW CHART of brewing
process. This chart was originally published in John Gauntner's The Sake Handbook.
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