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Testimonials

SPC Learning Online Testimonials

(Certified Sake Professional Course)

 


 

I just completed the Level 1, Sake Professional Course Online with John Gauntner.  This is the second time I have taken the SPC Level 1.  I completed my first one in-person in Tokyo, and when I saw that John was offering the Level 1 online as a refresher course for alumni, I jumped at the chance!
Not only is John one of the most knowledgeable people in the sake world, his industry insight, and stories from the sake world, make the course one of the most enjoyable things I have done.  You will not be disappointed and John’s motto, “no sake stone left unturned” is an understatement!!  You will learn more than you ever thought you could about sake.  Plus, John’s guided tasting will help you gain a new appreciation for Japan’s traditional, alcoholic beverage.  Highly recommended.

Chris – Okinawa, Japan, October 2021

 


 

John Gauntner’s Sake Professional course was the third Sake educational program I had taken and by far was the most enjoyable and comprehensive. As a advisory teacher for the UK government for many years I have an extensive background in education and am probably not the easiest of students as I really want the content to be comprehensive, engaging and relevant. John delivered all of that and more!
His easy warm style of coaching enabled us all to freely discuss anything we were unsure of, he answered queries expertly and with grace, his obvious passion and knowledge enthused my learning and the lengthy lectures whizzed by so enjoyably that I was always surprised when they ended. The course book is comprehensive and the online exam covered the materials in detail.
John is a community builder, his compassionate style of delivery and respect for all the artisan makers and lovers of Sake means he has the deepest admiration from all who come into contact with him, anyone who wants to really delve into the world of Sake needs to do this course (whilst having a glass of Sake on hand of course!)
Marion Titmuss (October 2021)

 


John Gauntner’s Certified Sake Professional course is an incredible immersion into an awesome topic. Sake. Between an engaging dialogue and open communication of ideas and themes that flow around sake, I never felt any pretense and had a lot of fun while learning an immense amount of information. The class is concise and organized, but not stuffy and flows in an obvious manner that is explained thoroughly. Mr. Gautner truly is the sake evangelist and his passion can be seen in the many jaunts down geeky/informational rabbit holes that add nuance and specialness to the course as a whole. Thank you for being you John!

Zachary Geerson

 


 

John Gauntner’s Sake Professional Course Level 1 is an amazing resource for anyone looking to improve their sake knowledge. I highly recommend it to anyone working with Sake, whether selling, recommending, or promoting, the knowledge gained and connections made are incredibly valuable. The world of sake is often opaque and indirect, but with the guidance of John Gautner you are able to appreciate, understand, and further your knowledge in a way that is simply not possible even with years of self study. Highly recommended!

Austin

 


 

Essential not only for detail-oriented professionals but also very importantly for enthusiasts of Japanese culture—vividly rendered anecdotes and authoritative technical info, blended with affable style by John Gauntner—this is a broad and deep tour through regions, craft, and flavors.

—Balazs Bognar, architect and Partner at Kengo Kuma & Associates

 


 

I’m really so glad that I’ve taken John Gauntner’s Online Sake Professional Course. The course was very well-structured and balanced, covering pretty much everything one needs to know about Sake, including the current situation of the industry.

Elisabeth Llopis

 


 

I have been going to Japan annually since 2013. Sake was offered by many Japanese friends. Even though I own cocktail bars , I know very little about it. Covid-19 has halted all travels, but I was able to find John’s class online. After I obtained my CSP (Certified Sake Professional), I can say the course has exceeded my expectations. In one month, it is true that “No sake stone remains left unturned”. John laid out the fundamentals and roadmaps of sake for this introductory course. It does not mean it is easy. Some topics are quite challenging if you are not prepared.

I wish to continue my learning of sake. John would be my first choice for future studies.

Ethan, Victoria Canada (April 2021)

 


 

As a complete novice of not just Sake but the beverages industry in general, I was unsure if I could follow this course’s content. However, John did such a good job in explaining the material in a simple and concise manner that my worries turned into a fascination with the world of Sake by the end of the first lesson. The course is structured logically and John manages to give in-depth information about Sake through lessons that are engaging even through Zoom. Even though I joined with little prior knowledge, I could confidently say that I know enough about Sake to amaze my Japanese friends by the end of the course!

Cem Ertul

 


 

I thoroughly enjoyed the online Sake Professional Course. John’s knowledge of the topic and passion for it was evident. The lectures were very engaging. I haven’t heard someone talk about a subject with such ease and depth of knowledge in a long time.  The technical aspects were explained extremely well, and the stories one only gains from years in the industry were very interesting, too. He was also exceedingly generous with his time in answering everyone’s questions. I would highly recommend this course and I look forward to taking the Advanced Sake Professional course in the future.

N. Peppler  
May 2021

 


 

I am a Japanese native certified sake sommelier and have been educating sake for the past 5 years in the US. I took this class because I wanted to learn how I can explain “everything sake” better in English. If I were investing my time and money, I wanted to learn from the best and I am so glad I made the right decision. John has more than 30 years of experience in the sake industry, from introducing sake overseas, publishing the most comprehensive sake book in English, to being the first and only non-Japanese judge for Zenkoku Shinshu Kamoyoukai aka Japan Sake Awards. In this course, John has truly demonstrated his deep understanding of Japanese culture and sake tradition in western perspectives.

If you are really serious about learning sake to the next level, I would highly recommend John’s Sake Professional Course. It is not only extremely informative but also very fun and fascinating. John answered all of the detailed questions that I was never able to find an answer for. Now I am able to explain complex sake concepts in a much simpler way to my customers. His materials are well-organized and easy to follow. A virtual session worked well for me because if you missed any points, a recorded session was available for review. I can’t wait to take the in person tasting and brewery tour with John once available!

Ayaka Ito

 


 

Participating in the sake professional course was enjoyable and incredibly educational.  The instructor, John Gauntner, was engaging as he drew upon his decades of personal experience to cover each aspect of the sake brewing process, varieties of sake, sake culture, and the current state of the industry.  The pacing allowed students of varying backgrounds and interests to understand the material clearly, and the certification test was comprehensive without being overly stressful.  I know I will continue to find the information useful, and I look forward to expanding my sake-related knowledge through the resources available via the Sake Education Council.

-Douglas Wagner
Asian Art Department, Denver Art Museum

 


 

If you are already aware of John Gauntner, there is no introduction needed and everything you expected and more will be learned throughout the first segment of the Sake Professional Course. For those still learning what junmai means, no worries, the course is also designed with you in mind. John provides a structured course exploring the history, processes, and nuances of sake. By the end, you will have a solid understanding of what sake is literally, historically, and culturally. If you are in the US, John has made it easy to at least procure sake for tasting. If not, he still provides a detailed list to procure the types of sake needed. The course has broken down the fundamental of tasting sake and provides a fantastic guide on the main characteristics. As someone who was familiar drinking sake, I came out having a higher level of clarity on what sake can taste like and a curiosity for what is out there.

Throughout the whole course and even before it started, John is readily available and will help you with any questions or concerns. Alongside all the information, you have an individual who has been part of the industry. Someone who can provide the insight of the what sake is and what it used to be. Again, the course is for anyone. From someone who wants to confirm their knowledge and experience to a newbie to the scene, John is there along the way to answer questions and share his experience. The only thing I regret is not taking course and drinking more sake.

Michael Kim

 


 

Highly recommend it to anyone who wants to start a career in the sake industry. Took the course in the most unfavorable time (Sat Sun 3am to 6 am) but I was never tired. John is an amazing teacher. His explanations stick to your mind. He is clever and accessible, some of the most important things for someone who decides to teach. His approach on sake and the sake industry is based on real experiences. Due to this, he could tell us so many stories. In the end, I felt like I as part of all of them. His selection of sakes is a plus. It is kind of a reference list you will have to follow your studies on sake. At the end, I was feeling ready to start working and, at same time, dive deeper in the sake world. I am glad to have taken this course and l will take the advanced level as soon as my economic condition permits.

Roberto Maxwell

 


 

I was motivated to take the Sake Professional Certification Course after hearing John Gauntner speak as part of the Japan Information & Cultural Center Virtual Lectures in their 2020 Guormet Series hosted by the Embassy of Japan. John is passionate about sake and eager to share his experience and knowledge on the subject. The course was fast paced and filled with a lot of useful information about the industry and its impressive history. It was a great experience that I would highly recommend, even for someone outside of the industry, like myself. The course was well planned, well delivered, and affordable.  Kanpai!

Gordon Morris – Washington

 


 

SPC LO-4 was an extremely friendly and cordial webinar. I did know his in-depth knowledge about the Sake world through the past email letters and the books, however, the SPC Live Online was a truly different amazing world!!!  John Gauntner’s passion for Sake and the eagerness of other participants inspired me to further efforts to deepen and expand my knowledge of Sake in English. I’m happy to complete this online course, especially as a qualified tour guide.

I’d like to recommend this course to all the Japanese who are engaged in the Sake Brewery Tourism. This would be the only opportunity to learn about Sake in detail, in English. I believe his enthusiastic, thoughtful lecture was an impressive testament to his love for Sake.

Thank you, John!I will continue to study, review and apply the materials.

Emiko Murayama, Tochigi, Japan. (May 2021) 

 


 

Testimonial:  John’s knowledge and most importantly, ability to share that knowledge in a digestible and easy to understand manner, is tremendous.  His experience and resume speak for itself but having experienced his method of teaching and passion for sake first-hand has confirmed how great this course is for me.  Especially being online, I had lower expectations than an in-person session but the online system is smooth, easy, and we had no hiccups.  I learned a ton, feel like my passion and interest for sake has increased 10x and I can’t wait to keep the journey going.  Thanks John for taking the time and effort into building the material and for being so open for any questions or concerns during this process and these times.

Brice Burman

 


 

I had the honor of taking the Sake Professional Course with Sensei John Gauntner right after passing WSET3. I found this course extremely interactive and gained a deeper and practical appreciation of Sake making and state of the industry as a whole. Sensei John’s knowledge of various breweries and his personal connection made us aware of all the possible variations of Sake making and he instilled a sense of excitement in me to explore Sake more. The class was diverse and global and that made it super interactive as well. Thank you Sensei you shared all your passion and knowledge and made me respect and appreciate the Art of Sake making more.

Mahesh Tirupattur

 


 

New to sake?  Already a sake-professional?  Or maybe you brew it yourself?

Regardless of your current relationship with sake, if you haven’t taken John Gauntner’s Sake Professional Certificate course, you are missing out, so so much.

John covers all the bases of sake making processes, terminologies, and the state of the industry, but fills each lecture with fascinating facts and anecdotes that would only be available through his long-standing and trusted relationship with sake brewers across Japan.  These stories make his course unique, captivating, and priceless.  For me, it was an eye-opening discovery to learn ways to broaden my sake tasting experience based on the yeast, rice types and the regionality.  I deepened my appreciation for sake and the industry, but also grew even more intrigued to explore further into the world of sake.  I feel that John’s SPC course gave me a solid compass to confidently navigate through and continue my exploration in the sake world.

I appreciated that this class was offered online and opened the door to over 70 sake enthusiasts from across the globe to participate, without needing to travel to Japan.  Although there were missing aspects of not participating in the course in-person (John also made remarks on them periodically), for the accessibility and the quality of the content, the SPC online course is worth every penny and second.  I highly recommend it so you won’t miss out on the opportunity.

Akiko Yamagami

 


 

To anyone considering taking John Gauntner’s Sake Professional Course:

I am not in the industry but rather an individual who just passionately likes to drink sake and visit Japan whenever I can.  So I cannot speak to whether this class would make you a better server or improve your tips as a waiter or let you win salesperson of the month awards.  What I can attest to, is if you want to learn as much as possible in an entirely painless way while being constantly entertained and surprised, take this class.  Teachers of John’s caliber are very few and far between.  His enthusiasm for the subject is an outgrowth of his engaging and caring nature and his depth of knowledge that comes from years of experience.  He truly leaves no stone alone.  And his goal of wanting to exceed expectations seems a little over-the-top, no?  Anyone taking this class already has high hopes to come away with a ton of knowledge.  And he wants to top that?  Yes he does, and he does.  You might think you have a pretty good handle on the world of sake or at least some aspect of it.  And yet he consistently amazed me in his ability to broaden and deepen any subject.  And not in some arcane way but in a manner that solidifies and expands that base you have.

The course is clearly laid out and it flows easily and understandably from subject to subject.  There is plenty of time for questions and discussion and John makes himself unbelievably available during the class.  He never treated any question or statement with derision or condescension but with a camaraderie of curiosity.  The supporting materials were totally helpful and easy to follow and the final test was well-written, comprehensive and fair.  It had none of those jerky gotcha questions from high school.  He wants to know if you absorbed the material, not if you can decode a double negative.

If you have an abiding interest in sake and want to go deeper, be entertained a few weekends a month and meet a great person, take this class.

Jeff Wilson-Charles

 


 

I wanted to increase my knowledge of sake since we have started selling it in our small restaurant. Before taking John’s Sake Professional Course Level 1 I had very little knowledge of this beverage. John has a tremendous amount of knowledge about sake and Japanese culture and presents it in a way that is easy to understand through his study guides and live presentations. I can confidently say I understand more about the industry and the complexities of sake and am interested in learning much more!

Adam Ogaard

 


 

Hands down the most informative sake course ever. If you think that you can just sit through the course and gloss over details, you’re terribly wrong. John Gauntner’s Sake Professional Course is true to its motto of ‘leaving no sake stones unturned’. He really does go the extra mile and depth to impart his knowledge and wisdom on sake. So, be prepared to take lots of notes and learn from the best. Go for it!!

Sayuri Lim 

 


 

I learned more in a few days with John than in a lifetime of drinking sake. Understanding the intricacies and variations in sake production methods has helped me gain a wider appreciation of the spectrum of sake flavor profiles.  The class was not only educational, but highly enjoyable. The class was suitable not only for professionals in the food and beverage industry, but regular people like me who simply enjoy drinking sake.

DC Palter, Los Angeles

 


 

Thank you very much John, indeed it was a very enjoyable and enriching experience for me. I didn’t expect to learn so much about Sake and I am genuinely surprised by how well organised your material was. I especially love the way you always have the long answer and the one sentence reply to commonly asked questions and I love how your stories and personal anecdotes on the exceptions to Sake (which are so many). I walk away with my preconceived notions challenged and defeated. Well done and I look forward to when we can travel and meet again for the Advance Course!

Dan Ho

 


 

Despite this only being John’s second go at doing the Sake Level 1 online, it was an excellent experience. John’s rich knowledge of the industry shines through with every example, and the course manages a good balance between technical understanding of sake production and colorful stories that bring the industry to life. It seems like COVID has indeed also brought an opportunity to spread sake knowledge more widely through the online format.

Erica Coslor

 


 

John Gaunter is one of the most significant bridges between the English and Japanese speaking sake worlds and his course is essential for anyone with a passion for Japan’s national beverage. He communicates the essential knowledge of sake with a lifelong passion and has transitioned his in-person course into a highly effective on-line format. Even as someone who has studied extensively there was lots of new information, delivered in personal style and with a human touch. ’No Sake stone left unturned’ is certainly true; John has a rich seam of experience and anecdote that means no question goes unanswered.

Thank-you once again and I hope to meet in person sometime soon.

Edward Lynch-Bell

 


 

I took the sake professional course as a way to get in-depth knowledge of the sake industry beyond the usual historical lesson and tasting information.  The course exceeded my expectations by delving into the minute details of sake production,operations of a brewery and even the chemistry behind the brew.  In my opinion this is the most information one can get short of doing an apprenticeship in an actual kura.

I hope to take the level II course one day, but being Canadian, I would rather visit Japan when it is not winter.

Thank you, Merci !

Sylvain Frechette

 


 

“SPC LO is a wonderful, very informative, and interactive course, in which John engages with all the students and really does leave no stone unturned. His teaching is very knowledgeable and detailed yet he presents it all in a way that people from all sake backgrounds will understand. Having taken other Sake courses I will wholeheartedly say that this was the course in which I appreciated the most, due to the attention to detail and to the class that he gives, as well as the overall first hand experiences he passes onto the students. Also, the fact that we were able to split class into five days rather than two-and-a- half allowed me to absorb the material much better, instead of feeling crammed with time constraints. I recommend this course to both co-workers and friends that also share a love of Sake. A+! Thank you so much John!”

Jared Depry, Portland Oregon

 


 

“It has been a privilege to take the SPC LO course with John Gauntner, a true authority in the sake world. If you have a lot of questions, know that he will have all the answers. The course covers general topics about sake, as well as the fine details. I truly and highly recommend it to anyone interested in sake, from beginners like me to advanced connoisseurs, John will keep you engaged from day one until the end.”

Fabricio Romero, Mexico

 


 

“If you are looking for an inspirational voice of in-depth knowledge about the sake world in English, John Gaunter’s Sake Professional Course Live Online will disclose those hidden answers behind the rice-based brew. The beauty of this course is that you can do it in any country. That’s the power of having access to this course online! John Gauntner’s course doesn’t stick to just the textbook material, which students receive once they enroll, but his 3-hour lectures consist of real-life examples and understanding of how a sake brewer decides to brew his or her sake. The detail and focus he puts into his lectures are anything but short as nothing is left untold. The fact the conference is via Zoom means that you can participate and ask him questions directly throughout the lecture. I suggest you take John Gaunter course you will never doubt the world of Japanese sake ever again. Arigatou Gozaimasu, John!”

Sandra Gwee, Australia

 


 

“If you have any inclination to learn about Japanese sake, you need to take John’s Sake Professional Course. I completed the first fully online version in July 2020 and it exceeded my expectations by a mile. Having lived in Japan in the late ’80s-early 90s and traveled there many times, I have been drinking sake for a while and knew some of the basics. But John’s knowledge of every facet of the sake-making process, it’s history, and the state of the industry today, is truly impressive. John’s course significantly expanded my knowledge & appreciation of nihonshu.”

Rob Grenda, USA

 


 

“This course is amazing and more than I ever expected it would be. John is a dedicated teacher and I could not imagine anyone else teaching this course. In my opinion don’t ponder too much on the question “should I or should I not take this course?” Just take it: you will not regret this sake journey.”

José María García Gonzalez, USA

 


 

“I joined the first online version of the course and I was really excited. I am a sake sommelier so I had high expectations, but Mr. Gauntner exceeded them and went beyond. His extensive knowledge is inspiring. And most importantly his passion is unbelievable. I think that it’s what impressed me the most. I learned more than I thought and he revived my passion for sake even more. At the end of the course I felt humbled and inspired. I wish I could meet him, and also my ‘classmates’, soon in Japan! Kanpai and thank you so much!”

Giulia Maglio, Tokyo

 


 

“My SPC live online experience was 110% positive, and I can’t recommend this course enough to anyone wanting to expand their sake knowledge! I had completed two in- person sake courses prior to SPC (WSET level 3 and JSS’s Sake Academy), but still came
away with tons of new knowledge and insider tips from the industry that only John can provide – his level of personal experience with every facet of the sake world is unparalleled. In addition to the detailed textbook and thoroughly prepared lectures, John took dozens of questions from the group during each session — this forum to be able to ask about absolutely anything sake- related and get a thoughtful answer directly from John was an experience bar none. In fact, it might even work better virtually than in person as people seem less nervous to ask questions online! Even with seemingly straightforward queries, I was surprised by how thoughtfully John responded to each one and added his personal insight to really deepen the level of information delivered and present a new angle on many seemingly straightforward topics. If you are thinking about signing up, all I can say is to take the plunge, you will not regret it!”

Sarah Stewart UK

 


 

“John, your passion for the product shines like the North star which makes the course really quite inspiring.”

Steve Peskin, UK

 


 

“John Gauntner’s SPC LO was amazing. John is one of the most knowledgeable people I’ve met and is a great instructor! I learned so much and feel much more confident in my sake knowledge. I look forward to doing his Advanced Sake Professional course when it is
available. I’m ready to go out and spread the word to others about the greatness of sake!”

Brian Brill, USA

 


 

“It’s been a real joy taking John’s inaugural Sake Professional Course live and online these past few weeks. His knowledge is immense and his passion for sake even larger, it’s contagious. The real benefit here is that as well as all the technical data and factual information, John is able to add relevant stories and recollections from his significant exposure to all layers of the sake world.

As a participant I felt very valued and well looked after. Even though this whole thing was done remotely, you could feel the camaraderie of a bunch of sake fanatics coming together, growing in confidence and knowledge.

I would strongly recommend the course to anyone who has caught the sake bug and wants to accelerate their understanding and appetite further.”

Will Jarvis, Hong Kong

 


 

“It has been a complete joy sailing this Sake Professional Course with you – configured with professionalism, executed with ease and scripted in an extremely painless manner. You have triggered in me a lifelong commitment to promoting the word of sake globally that is for sure. Thank you!”

Yegas Naidoo, South Africa

 


Testimonials for John Gauntner’s Sake Professional Course

(Certified Sake Professional)

 

“I had certain preconceptions about him and the course. I expected much from the course, and was pleasantly surprised to find that it even exceeded my expectations. John was a superb instructor and the course was wonderful, refining and expanding my existing Sake knowledge. The class was comprehensive, detailed and John added plenty of interesting anecdotes. The tastings were especially compelling, with intriguing comparison tastings that truly assisted you in understanding the complexities and differences within Sake brewing. For anyone seeking a solid and firm knowledge base of Sake, this course receives my strongest recommendation.

Richard Auffrey @ The Passionate Foodie (read more here)

 


 

“I went to New York thinking I knew a lot about sake, but after attending John Gauntner’s Sake Professional Course, I realized I had barely scratched the surface. Three days and 100+ sake tastings later, I have a plethora of new knowledge and an even deeper appreciation for sake. From rice varieties to koji to the effects different water has on the final product, every aspect of sake brewing is explored. John is an excellent teacher and communicator, and truly an expert in all things sake. I highly recommend this course for anyone who has a passion for sake. I greatly appreciate the effort and heart John put into making this course a meaningful and worthwhile experience and I can’t wait to further my knowledge in Level 2!”

Karise Murayama

 


 

“The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires.” Indeed, John has inspired me throughout my journey learning about sake. Beginning with his book, “Sake’s Hidden Stories” I became fascinated with the attention to detail that goes into making excellent sake. It was a natural progression, then, for me to attend his Sake Professional course and I am so glad I did. It had everything from detailed sake brewing techniques, to extensive sake tastings, to lively discussions of all aspects of sake and the sake industry. If you are serious about sake then you don’t want to miss this course.

Michael G. Emmons, 2009 – App Apps, LLC

 


 

“In my role as Director of Education for Fedway Associates Inc., I have completed coursework from the Society of Wine Educators, the Wines and Spirit Education Trust and the Guild of the Sommelier. What do all these institutions lack? A course on sake! Thanks to John, I now have knowledge of all things sake and an incredible resource for information to share with our sales’ force and their customers. Our portfolio includes over ten breweries and sales continue to grow so the need for comprehensive information is vital. It’s not too bad to brag about passing the test either! John’s teaching style is informative and casual but the salient points are clearly
communicated and the handouts are well organized to make presentations easy to assemble. Whether you work in retail, restaurant or distribution, this class is peerless for sake education. Hope to see you in Japan for part 2!”

Gerry Peserchia, 2009  -Fedway Associates

 


 

“I wasn’t sure exactly what to expect from this course, but having sat-through as well as taught many wine courses (at all levels), I assumed it’d be similar. I was wrong! Let me explain: the primary reason I began teaching wine (and other beverage) was because, obsessed with wine, I attended many lectures, seminars, etc. Without fail, I witnessed a parade of dry-as toast, droning, wine nerds who, though profoundly knowledgeable, failed to pass ANY knowledge on to their audience. It was as if their goal was to let everyone know how much THEY knew about wine, rather than espousing the goal of passing that knowledge on and creating passion and excitement for fledgling wine folks. Having been familiar with John Gauntner’s “Sake World” for many years (Sake World is a GREAT reference for those looking for a one-source site for all things Sake), I knew that the potential certainly existed for another non-learning experience. I could not have been more wrong. John’s course was evenly-paced, intense, challenging and entertaining! He covers Sake in a “soup to nuts” fashion, without becoming mired in the minutiae (which I’m certain …and hopeful…will come with the second level). John CLEARLY demonstrated his deep level of Sake knowledge, but filtered the information in a manner that inspired, rather than intimidated, an amateur like me. Being on the wholesale side of the beverage business, my wine knowledge has only rare application in day-to-day calls. Because of John’s course, however, I’ve already found that a working knowledge of Sake has huge benefits in everyday sales conversations! So far, there is nothing I learned in John’s course that I’ve been unable to use, if needed, in the streets. For those, either in the beverage industry or aspiring to be in the industry, this course IS A “MUST”.

Tim Hirota – Southern Wine and Spirits

 


 

“If you are ready to take the next step in your fascination and love of sake the only way to go is up with John Gauntner. Consider the professional sake tasting course a graduate education as you explore the essence of sake from such an elevated perspective. This course tied in a perfect blend of understanding, appreciation and sheer fascination. Sake is indeed and art form and the professional sake tasting program provided me the proverbial ability to “pull the curtain back on the wizard” in terms of understanding the nuances and quirks that make this industry what it is. Whether you are a beginner or self-taught junky the SPC provides you the rarest of all perspectives on the inner-workings of an age-old profession that is exploding onto the global stage. John Gauntner is a once-in-a-lifetime tour guide and professor wrapped up in an enjoyable and personable package. In a word the professional sake tasting program is purely ‘enjoyable’ and an experience that will energize you for the rest of your life.”

Beau Timken, 2003 – Owner/operator of True Sake

 


 

“As a producer of an alcohol-focused, educational television program, it was imperative that I gain as much information about the subject of sake’ as possible. My initial approach to learning this art was to gain knowledge by working in a sake’ brewery in Japan for the 2009 sake’ season. Once I completed my brewing internship program, I found that I was capable of producing one style of sake. However, I was not fully educated in the variety of the many different styles, regions, history or the nuances of the business industry as a whole. After partaking in John Gauntners’ Sake’ Professional Course, where he passionately touts that “No sake’ stone left unturned” I realized he was not overstating. During this extensive and intensive course, there was truly “no Sake’ stone unturned.” I feel with this program, together with my time brewing in Japan, I am well rounded in this subject matter and find that John’s course will serve me well whether I use the knowledge for TV production, importation, sales or brewing.”

Richard Gummoe, 2009  –Executive Producer, Boy Meets Still TV

 


 

“What differentiates a great teacher from an average one is an innate and developed ability to balance fact with nuance. In his course, John displayed tremendous precision of thought supported by a nuanced and granular understanding of the global sake industry. John is a thought leader in the sake industry supported by his in-depth knowledge of the industry, access to a wide and deep network of industry professionals, and a lucid understanding of when the answer to a sake-related question is “It Depends” and when it is black and white. John’s class is a well designed thoughtful class that can serve as a solid building block for someone interested in getting involved in the sake industry.”

Akshay Shetty, 2009 – New York

 


 

“The Sake Professional Course is excellent because it covers both the theory and tasting of sake in excruciating detail. The material and class is organized very well which allowed me to dramatically increase my knowledge of sake in just 3 days of lectures. John also does a great job of injecting life into the material as well with industry stories & nuances that you would not be able to simply find in a book. One of the absolute highlights of the class is also how well the tastings are broken down. Tastings hundreds of different sakes without any organization over 3 days would just feel chaotic; however John does an excellent job of breaking them down in logical and thematic segments. This allowed me to really develop or train my palate to be able to taste everything from different rice types to regionally. If you really are interested in improved your theoretical sake knowledge and to begin learning how to taste sakes I highly recommend this class.”

Ben Neidhart

 


 

“In June of 2010 I had the distinct pleasure of taking John Gauntner’s Sake Professional Level 1 Course in San Francisco. We were promised “no sake stone left unturned,” and John-sensei more than lived up to his word. The course was a very intense 3-day journey into everything sake, from harvesting of the rice through every step of the processing, to bottling, shipping, tasting, and enjoying. Throughout the course John-sensei’s incredible in-depth knowledge and passion for the subject kept our attention and made the course interesting and exciting. The three days went by too quickly, and I was very sad when it was over. Before taking the class I had read several books about sake and had even ordered and studied John-sensei’s educational products from his Sake World web site. I wondered if I had anything else to learn that I didn’t already know. But reading and self-study only goes so far. John sensei’s insider knowledge gained from years of experience of being intimately involved in the sake industry in Japan add so much life and detail not available in any books, resulting in it being well worth the time and effort to take the Sake Professional Course. I’m hoping to take the Level 2 class when it’s offered next year. If you want to learn absolutely everything there is to know about sake, whether it be for business reasons or personal interest, I heartily recommend taking John Gauntner’s Sake Professional Course. It’s time well-spent on a fascinating subject taught by the foremost authority on all things sake.”

Carl T. Geenen

 


 

The Sake Professional Course is really one of a kind. John keeps everyone engaged and excited during his talk – from one hour to up to a 5-day course. I have not seen anyone who can inspire so many people as John does with his genuine passion and knowledge. If you have even the slightest interest in sake then this course is definitely worth taking. John has contributed so much to the upward trend of sake around the globe by sharing his knowledge of sake and the industry both in Japan and abroad. Thank you, Gauntner-sensei!

Etsuko Nakamura 
Founder – Sake Tours

 


 

“I took the Sake Professional Course in NYC in summer of ’09. The course was thorough and fun with many of his interesting personal experiences in the Japan’s sake world. I was amazed with not only John’s extensive knowledge of sake but also his knowledge of Japanese culture, geography and history to go along with it. (He is more Japanese than I am!) Broad selections of sake were offered for tasting in the class to understand the differences of all kinds which I have never been able to experience before. Another thing to mention was his passion of teaching. He was always attentive to anyone’s questions in very approachable and kind manner. No questions were unanswered. I enjoyed the course very much. I would strongly recommend this course to anyone who is interested in learning about sake in depth. Looking forward to taking level 2 in Japan as soon as it becomes available.”

Iori Kataoka , 2009
Shuraku Sake Bar and Bistro / Zest Japanese Cuisine, Vancouver B.C. Canada

 


 

“No sake stone left unturned is the perfect description for this course. John goes into great depth and covers all of the intricacies that make up the wonderful ambrosia that is sake. Everyone who is lucky enough to take this course will leave it feeling that they are among a handful of people in the United States and around the world that have a real understanding of all the many facets that make up sake. John keeps the material interesting for both total sake neophytes as well as those who have a more advanced understanding of sake. John’s manner is approachable and open and his teaching style is clear, and he is able to make even the most mundane facts interesting. I highly recommend this course to anyone wanting to explore the world of sake.”

Blake Spahn, 2009
CEO, Ty Ku

 


 

“John’s method of teaching both the “short answer” and the more “technically advanced” covers all ranges of people who one may be trying to educate. There is nothing in the Sake World that John does speak of. It is as comprehensive in the history, to brewing process, to culture, and to the tastings of almost 100 different Sakes that could not even imagine is paralleled. I highly recommend John’s class no matter your Sake knowledge. You will learn, be entertained, and come out with a great understanding that Sake needs to be promoted to rid of the misconceptions and to clear the mystery behind this ancient beverage.”

Avery Martin, 2009 -New York

 


 

John’s course is essential for anyone that is truly passionate about sake. It is the necessary well rounded education on a topic that appears simple yet has so many underlying complexities that are necessary to understand for true appreciation. The course simplifies complex processes and pieces things together in a very cogent way that allows even the layman the ability to wrap their head around the topic. While the course goes in depth on the brewing process what is truly fascinating are the anecdotes used and historical facts that tie the topics together and keep the subject matter fresh and relevant. I thoroughly enjoyed the class and would recommend it to anyone.”

Kirk Spahn, 2009

 


 

“The Sake Professional Course was extremely worthwhile and informative. An A to Z of sake. John is a first rate instructor; both his passion and knowledge are consistently conveyed throughout the course. The material is very well organized and approachable, yet sufficiently in depth. This is a “must attend” for anyone who wants to really understand sake.”

Andrew T. Chrisomalis, 2009

 


 

“The Sake professional Course covered all aspects of sake, from brewing to tasting and provided the context for understanding the geographic variations of sake. John Gauntner is a superb lecturer who makes the subject of sake fascinating for all.”

Mary Goetter, 2009

 


 

“I had the good fortune of taking the Sake Professionals’ Course because the distribution company that I work for had the opportunity to send 1 person to the course because of our relationship with TYKU. Before taking the course I knew nothing about sake, beyond knowing that I enjoyed drinking it. The course not only demystified sake, but in fact I now feel as if I can hold an engaging high level conversation on the subject. Being a bit of a wine geek, I appreciated the high technical level of the course, particularly in reference to the production methodology and some of the chemistry, etc. Also, because the students were generally more advanced than I in their sake studies, I very much enjoyed and appreciated the fast pace of the class. I feel I learned an incredible amount and am so excited to continue to drink sake and expand my experience with sake.”

Jordan Lari, 2009
Empire Merchants

 


 

“John Gauntner’s sake course is surely the most comprehensive available. For anyone wanting to learn everything there is to know this is the course for you!”

Brad Paddock
Rock Sake

 


 

“Just back from three days of Sake study, tastings and discussions that reinforced many points, answered numerous unanswered questions and gave plenty of fuel to help me continue to spread the love for premium sakes. John’s depth and breadth of knowledge knows no bounds and he has this uncanny ability to capture all of us from all levels and backgrounds and in a very short period of time be able speak to all on the same level. An excellent program that I wouldn’t hesitate recommending to anyone, whether an industry professional or an interested consumer who wants to fuel their sake passion!”

Patrick Ellis
Blue Note Wine & Spirits Inc.

 


 

” ***** out of five!” I laughed, I cried, I drank sake until it came out of my ears! John Gauntner’s sake professional course is unlike anything else out there, a delicious and intensely focused, yet thoroughly enjoyable exploration into the world of sake. I came away with a far deeper appreciation, not just for sake, but for Japanese culture and cuisine as well. Highly recommended.”

Todd Eng, 2007
Owner-operator of soon-to-be-opened sake pub in SF

 


 

“Thank you for your dedication to the sake world in general. I thoroughly enjoyed your class, and received great benefits from the knowledge I was able the gain through your course. I knew very little about sake starting your course but grew a “love” and appreciation for this obscure beverage. Even as I write this, I just got done tasting sake from one of our vendors, and was able to distinguish between what he was selling me and what I knew (for sure) from taking your class. In other words I was now informed and was able to make an intelligent choice based on the knowledge gleamed from your course. This course was invaluable to me. On a personal note I am able to enjoy Asian cuisine (sushi, Thai, Chinese, etc.) paired with a sake of my choice, which enhances my dining experience.”

Robert Perry
GM-Khotan at Treasure Island

 


 

“Thank you very much! I can’t tell you how much I appreciated taking your course. As I said before, I really respect your style of teaching. The manual was very thorough. Your lecture was replete with brewery stories which put the technical data in perspective. Your explanations were very clear as you guided us from simple to complex. The comparative tastings perfectly solidified my understanding of the subject matter. It’s one thing to learn about sake, it’s another to experience what was just learned. I have always taught people that the best way to learn about wine is to read and taste. I look forward to taking SPC 2. Thank you very much for allowing me to begin my journey in this wonderful world. On a side note, I have earnestly begun experimenting with non-Japanese food and sake pairings. I am enjoying the umami-to-umami (U2U) connection.”

Jonathan Davis, Las Vegas, 2009
Southern Wine and Spirits, Las Vegas

 


 

“I was exposed to premium sake 25 yrs. ago by a Japanese sushi chef, who taught me the correct way to eat and enjoy all Japanese food. He would occasionally get a bottle brought to him by someone returning from Japan. Nobu-San would share and explain what I was having but it was confusing and a little hard to understand. I now work in a wine store owned by two Master Sommeliers. We have always been a leading edge kind of store and started carrying premium sake almost ten years ago. We stumbled through learning what we could from some articles and suppliers info until we became aware of your book and subsequently your enthusiasm for sake. One of the owners has taken your course in New York and two courses in Japan; her enthusiasm has driven our sales and an ever expanding selection of sake. I attended the class with the other owner so that we could begin to keep up with Sally. The way you presented the vast array of information in a clean and logical order opened my eyes to so much I had taken for granted. Sake is liquid art and as such is very subjective, however understanding  the history, materials and techniques can make for a much more gratifying experience. As the buyer for the store I now have the ability and desire to choose and present a broader and more interesting selection of sake’s and to educate and inform our customers to another interesting and exciting beverage choice. Domo! Sensei!!”

Jeff Mathews, 2009
The Boulder Wine Merchant

 


 

“The course was great! John was his usual fountain of sake knowledge when teaching. The 90 or so bottles we tasted covered a wide range of styles, rices, yeasts, ages, etc. There is certainly no better opportunity in the US to taste and evaluate such a collection with such all-star instruction. Overall it was a great experience – highly recommended for anyone interested in sake.”

Wayne Belding, 2009
The Boulder Wine Merchant

 


 

“This is an excellent and comprehensive class on sake. I don’t think there was a “stone unturned” or a question un-answered, and the tastings were some of the most thoughtful I have ever encountered in the wine/sake/beverage business. We compared rice varietals, yeast strains, regions, pressing techniques, temperature differences, and quality levels, and the sakes chosen for these tastings demonstrated the differences and made sense. John is an amazing teacher, and does a great job of explaining a very complicated beverage in understandable steps. I recommend this class to anyone interested in sake, regardless of their profession. Very inspiring and eye-opening!”

Morgan Hartman, 2009
Vine Connections LLC

 


 

”Having the unique opportunity to learn about sake from John was truly enjoyable and memorable. The amount of knowledge he has gathered over the years in a field that is not so easy to access, especially for non-Japanese, is amazing. I highly recommend taking this intense course if you are in any way interested in sake. Tastings are also very well done, always with a very specific purpose, whether to showcase regional styles, sake rice types, even serving temperatures and vessels. It was great to taste almost 100 sakes in three days, especially those that are impossible to find in the US. This enriching experience was hard to beat and I am certain my sake program with over 120 labels will immensely benefit from it.”

Dieter Xiao, 2009
General Manager, Shibuya Restaurant, MGM Grand Las Vegas

 


 

“One with the lot! John Gauntner’s Sake Professional Course is the one stop, be-all and end all, look no further, insight into the world of sake. From the basics through to the nitty gritty,all points are covered and it’s one hell of a ride. During the first section of the course, each day participants are skillfully guided through the tastings and technical in the classroom, then masterfully unleashed into the world of izakayas and sake bars at night to put their newfound knowledge to the test. John is always there for you, with his limitless knowledge and unyielding passion for one of the world’s great drinks. His expertly prepared class notes, extensive tasting hints and well considered evening haunts make this course a must do for anyone who has more than passing interest in sake. The excursions into the world of sake brewing and the kura visits are worth their weight in gold, an experience you would not be able to enjoy by any other means.”

Andre Bishop, 2007
Owner, Izakaya Chuji Japanese Restaurant Chain, Melbourne, Australia

 


 

“I am the gallery manager for Lesley Kehoe Galleries, dealers in fine Japanese works of art. In January 2007 I was fortunate enough to attend the sake professional course in Tokyo. The course was a thorough and enlightened introduction to the many guises of Nihonshu. Unlike many of the attendees, I am not involved professionally in the beverage industry however this was no barrier to John presenting a clear and balanced presentation of the available information. The range of sake on tasting was extensive and represented a huge variety of styles. I came away from the course on massive high and would not hesitate in recommending this course. Become a 酒人(sake person)!!”

Trevor Fleming
Lesley Kehoe Galleries, Australia

 


 

“If you’ve been bitten by that alluring sake bug like I was ten years ago, and you want to take a deeper dive into this “drink of the gods” for your professional development or purely as a personal quest, take John Gauntner’s Sake Professional Course. As an avid sake enthusiast and restaurateur, I found tremendous value in this course. Over the intensive course, John will guide you through an engaging tour of this wonderful beverage that is as complex and fascinating as wine – – from the history and tradition thousands of years old, to visits to modern day sake brewers where you will have the privilege of seeing the brewing process in action. The “classroom” education is reinforced by tastings of numerous sakes. John’s anecdotes and stories, collected over decades of his immersion in the sake world, add vivid texture to the course. And of course, it is sake after all, so your fellow classmates are pretty much guaranteed to be fun and come from a host of interesting backgrounds. If you like sake, love sake, want to learn about it for your professional or personal development, or even have a slight interest in digging deeper than admiring those beautiful labels, take the Sake Professional Course.”

Nancy Cushman, 2006
Proprietor & Sake Sommelier of O Ya Restaurant in Boston, MA

 


 

“I thought I already knew a lot about sake. I was wrong. We tasted many amazing sakes not available in Canada, and many that were brought in from Japan. Mr. Gauntner’s articulate lectures were very enjoyable, and he delighted us with many anecdotal moments from his experiences in Japan. John Gauntner’s course mantra is ‘Leave no sake stone unturned’. It was indeed enlightening to know that what I knew was the equivalent of a grain of sand’. Thanks John!”

Michael Tremblay
Event Coordinator, ki modern japanese + bar

 


 

“Considering whether to take John Gauntner’s Sake Professional Course is a no brainer. When you complete the course, you’ll be a sake aficionado schooled by one of the great sake experts in the world, who’ll have personally guided you through numerous tastings and brewery tours in Japan. It’s a unique opportunity not to be missed by anyone with a keen interest in sake. John’s passion for sake is evident in his books and articles, which are wonderfully written and informative, but they’re nothing compared to being in the same room listening to this guy talk. From the basics of how sake is made, to the nitty-gritty of yeast strains, to his many enjoyable
sake anecdotes and observations, John’s enthusiasm is palpable and inspiring. It was remarkable to meet others–from different countries and walks of life–and bond via our mutual love of sake. It made me realize just how far-reaching this drink’s popularity and influence has spread outside of Japan. The course allowed me to truly understand, by seeing first-hand, the depth of tradition and care that goes into the craft of sake-making, which has only further enhanced my interest and appreciation for nihonshu.”

Elise Gee, 2006
Sake Educator

 


 

“Hiroko and I couldn’t have had a more thorough immersion in all aspects of sake than that which we experienced at with the SPC this past January in Tokyo. I can’t imagine how any course on sake could have been more comprehensive and, equally important was that the material was presented in the most articulate, easily understandable and absorbable fashion…not so easy for a subject fraught with complexity and inextricably intertwined with thousands of years of Japanese culture. This is THE definitive course of study for anyone who is passionate about sake and/or involved with serving or selling it. We cannot thank you enough for giving us
the foundation necessary to launch our shop in NYC!”

Rick Smith & Hiroko Furukawa, 2007
Sakaya…New York’s first shop specializing in sake

 


 

“What a lucky person who has the opportunity to meet the Sakeguy! John Gauntner is extremely well versed in all aspects of Nihon-shu, the national beverage of Japan. His presentations, tastings, courses, as well as books and numerous articles attest to a lifelong commitment and love of all things Sake. If you have a desire to know more about this exquisite elixir; John can de-mystify, add clarity and enhance your appreciation. He is an excellent teacher, never a dull minute, and well worth twice the price for all that is imparted in any of his educational venues. The Professional Course brings together all aspects of Sake. It is presented in a simple, logical and straightforward manner. A beginner is not befuddled, and the more seasoned Sake aficionado is not left wanting. All material is well presented, made interesting to professionals in the field and laymen alike.
I found his Level I Course to meet my needs. Being of a long-time resident of Japan, but non-fluent in Japanese, socially engaged, but not as knowledgeable about my now first preferred alcoholic beverage. I am now very comfortable hosting my Sake parties, and speaking about Sake with more authority than I had before.I most highly recommend this course to anyone having more than a passing interest in Sake as a beverage and to gain insight into one theme in the Japanese way of life.”

Mike Brenyo, D.D.S., Las Vegas 2009
Yokosuka Japan

 


 

“John’s course is a must for anyone interested in sake. I strongly suggest getting in as soon as possible because the interest in sake and John’s classes get’s bigger every year. His approach to teaching the ways of sake is down to earth and very comprehensive. I use what I have learned on a daily basis with my staff and clientele. It was an honor to be in the presence of someone so knowledgeable and so humble. It is easy to see why the Japanese sake community loves him so. I look forward to taking the advanced class in February of 2008. Thank you John for being a wonderful sensei and a hell of a guy.”

David A. Roth, 2007
General Manager Koji -Yakitori – Sake – Bar, Hartford CT.

 


 

“John Gauntner’s “Professional Sake Course” was a fabulous learning and tasting experience. His deep knowledge, passion and understanding of sake (in all its beautiful vagueness) is evident to all who take his course. John’s intention to “leave no sake stone unturned” over the three days of intensive study and tasting exceeded expectations. The sake industry, hotel and restaurant professionals in attendance conveyed to me the level of talent seeking out John’s take on the world of sake.”

Phil Heyser, Las Vegas 2009 CS, SSI

 


 

“The saki course was great and anyone who is passionate about saki or in the industry will strongly benefit from the course. Except for your books finding good solid info about saki for the English speaker can be a difficult task. The course not only sheds light on all the ins and outs of saki production from the grain to the bottle but also has numerous tastings designed between/after the lessons. We tasted over 90 sakis in three days and this really helped me open my mind to the different flavors and possibilities in the world of saki. The course itself is very well organized; you also receive a great handbook with all the info from the lessons. John is a good and patient teacher, who takes time for all students’ questions and is thorough in his explanations. If it’s saki you’re into, there is no better place to go. Kampai.”

Michael Opalenski, 2009
B. United

 


 

“In the world of sake, understanding the dynamics can seem vague and obscure. Sake, unlike other forms of alcohol, is a process that not many are capable of explaining because it is far more complex than most. John has the unique ability to uncover the veil of the sake world as he guides us through the lose translation and dimensions of the process itself. The course not only goes in depth regarding the fundamentals of sake, it also teaches you to use your senses to guide you through understanding the various types of sakes there are and the history behind them. The experience not only left no stone unturned, but generated the stepping stones I needed to become a better success at my workplace as well as build the confidence to better educate and understand a trade that I’ve grown to love. Taking this course is like traveling to a far off country to understand its culture you never come back as the same person. With that said, I look forward to experiencing taking level 2 in Japan.”

Bernadette Stanton, Las Vegas 2009
Sake specialist at Hachi, Red Rock Resort, Las Vegas

 


 

“Just wanted to let you know how fantastic I thought the Sake Professional Course was. The tastings were first-class; I’d never seen so many different types of sake all together in one place before. I didn’t expect to have so many sake to taste and study and was pleasantly surprised. The instruction was clear and easy to follow. Everything was presented in a logical order and was great for someone who knew absolutely nothing about sake. As a sommelier and bartending instructor everything I learned is really going to take my career to the next level and help me offer something totally unique to my students and clients! Thanks John! Looking forward to Level II.”

Kristy Koehler
Vancouver, Canada

 


 

“Having lived in Japan for more than 25 years I remember John’s first sake articles in the English language newspaper. Long before all the world’s information became “google-able” I patiently waited each sake article. I remember thinking, “This man is interpreting the ‘Rosetta stone’ of sake”! He is making perfect sense of the hieroglyphics on sake labels and installment after installment he is explaining the intricacies of a product whose sophistication I so appreciated, but could not easily articulate. John’s books were added to the newspaper clippings. And as I prepared to leave Japan and return to my native New York it was John’s writings that made me eager to learn even more and become part of the niche of sake lovers and sake professionals. When I heard of the Sake Professional Course I could not resist. John breathed life and a fiery passion into all the words in his articles and books. The pace of the class demanded one’s full attention. And taste buds needed to be set at Orange Alert so as not to miss the subtle nuances of the awesome selection of fine sake John prepared for us to taste. I was able to parlay 25 years of professional experience in Japan and the invaluable lessons of the Sake Professional Course to secure a wonderful job in the trade. And I refer to the text and to John whenever I have a question. In Japan they say that it is rude for a student to “praise” a teacher. So I will paraphrase a Buddhist teaching.“I rely on the teacher; the teacher relies on me” Meaning that just I relied on the excellence that I knew the teacher would bring to the course. I want John to be able to rely on me, his student to disseminate correct information and maintain the integrity, passion and joy of sake he so generously shared with all of us in his Sake Professional Course. I am forever indebted.”

Linda Noel Kawabata
USA Brand Manager Akita Sake Promotion and Export Council

 


 

“Sam Calagione, the founder of Dogfish Head Breweries once said, “The only teachers worth listening to are those who realize that you might have something to teach them, too.” John is one of these great teachers, his passion for sake is amazing and infectious, and his array of accumulated knowledge is vast. He remains approachable and open-minded which ensures that he and his students always keep learning and having fun. The best way to learn is to do; the course embodies this spirit and is not only a way to receive a formal sake education, but perhaps the only real way to receive a genuine understanding of the subject.”

Yoed Anis, June 2010
Austin Texas

 


 

“The three day Level I Sake Professional Course intensive was exactly that, intense! I had no idea there was so much depth and detail concerning the production and brewing of sake. I have been in the Food and Beverage Industry for over 10 years. I have spent most of that time in New York City and Las Vegas as a bartender, but I have never been exposed to or needed to learn about the world of Sake. I was just awarded my Certified Specialist of Spirits in July of 2009 and promoted to Master Mixologist of MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, yet still no exposure to sake, until your course. I found your understanding and depth of knowledge to be remarkable.

Likewise, your course material and approach to teaching, while probably not for the novice enthusiast, was very comprehendible for the Beverage Professional student. I found myself not only learning, but becoming excited about this new found knowledge. As we progressed through the material and days I started making the connections within the process and found myself less bogged down by the language barrier. In short, it all started making sense. I was amazed at how much knowledge could be attained in the allotted amount of time. Apart from the classroom material, I had never been exposed to the number and styles of sake in the tasting module. I appreciate the structure of the daily tasting as each one focused on a specific theme. We had geographical tasting, rice varietals tasting, quality difference tasting, and vintage tasting and as we moved through each one you not only gained appreciation for the different styles, but you also began to understand the difference and impact of each decision in the brewing process.

All together, as a professional in the industry, I found this course invaluable at increasing my knowledge and comfort with a product that up until now was completely foreign to me. I now feel effective at recommending sake to our guests and being able to decipher any sake label. I would like to thank John for his passion and tireless devotion to his craft. To openly offer your knowledge and expertise to others is a tremendously humbling gift. Repeatedly throughout the course John expressed how each of us “own him” now, but I think that is a reciprocal feeling. It is all of our responsibility to spread the knowledge and passion John has been so kind to impart and therefore he “owns” a team of ambassadors around the world. In closing, I would recommend this class to all industry professionals as well as any sake enthusiast.

Kent Bearden, CSS Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
Master Mixologist, MGM Grand Hotel

 


 

“Thanks for being the best guide possible into the realm of Sake. You are an engaging presenter and an expert from whom I learned a ton. I was a hundred percent impressed with the course experience.”

Kenneth Stutz – Piedmont, CA
Stutz Company Inc.

 


 

“I thoroughly enjoyed the Sake Professional Course with you in San Francisco, this summer. I knew that I had absorbed a great deal of information during the tastings and lectures, but was pleased with how events unfolded on my return. I arrived back to the heat of Dallas and was a guest at a going away party for one of our Aikido instructors. I was promptly given the sake menu at the sushi restaurant and admonished to pick good sake for the group! I was obviously being put on the spot (they knew where I had been!) and the pressure was on to perform. I was pleased to be able to look at the sake selection of around 10 sakes and recognize each one. I was able to answer the group’s questions and select a few bottles to meet everyone’s tastes (we decided on the Tokubetsu Junmai (high milling rate of a ginjo), the Dai Ginjo and the Nigori sake). Everyone was pleased with the selections and I left feeling that my time and money with you had been well spent. I look forward to returning to Japan and joining you for the brewery tour and level two class!”

Dr. Nick Chamberlain, June, 2010
Chamberlain Studios of Self Defense
Dallas, TX

 


 

“I participated in John Gauntner’s Sake Professional Course January 2006. In my perception, this is the best way for a non Japanese speaker to get a proper understanding of sake, and I would strongly recommend anyone with a dedicated interest in sake to take this course. It is however, important to take the whole course, including the visits to the various breweries, as this gives a broader understanding of the cultural and technical aspects of sake and sake brewing. The 5 days of which my course took place, was extremely tiring, as the day’s itinerary was packed. This is however a good thing, as I felt I did nothing but living, thinking and doing sake for 5 days.
I cannot write about this course, without mentioning the dinners which followed every day’s classes. This included everything from restaurants to Izakayas where the meals, the sake and the atmosphere were absolutely wonderful.”

Kjetil Jikiun, 2006
Head Brewer, Nogne O, Det Kompromisslose Bryggeri AS, Norway

 


 

”If you are looking to enhance your knowledge on sake and experience first hand all that you need to possibly learn and taste, this course has it all…and much more! John made sure all the critical points on sake brewing and more were extensively covered during the course and was extremely accommodating in fielding the numerous questions thrown his way. The ultimate professional!”

Les Pung
Elk Grove CA

 


 

“Everyone can learn from John’s course — from home brewers to bar managers to distributor professionals. The course is well structured and covers everything from the core basics to a detailed exploration of the production process, which is critical if you want to educate others about the intricacies of Japanese sake. Advanced topics include issues that you can find very little about, including slow brewing yeast starters, the chemistry of sake and a look at the regional variations across the country. Tasting is a key component of the course and John does
an excellent job of selecting sakes to demonstrate key points throughout the course. I wouldn’t hesitate recommending this course to anyone interested in sake. John is sincere in that he wants to create a network of people who can educate the world about sake and dispel many of the myths that have held the category from gaining widespread acceptance in the mainstream market.

Jim Andrews
Founder/CEO, Wasabe Beverages Inc

 


 

John’s course was fun and informative! He definitely knows his sake and consequently, now so do I.

Craig Dahlberg, 2009
moto-i in Minneapolis

 

Hokkaido Rising

This article was originally published in Sake Industry News Issue #17

There are 47 prefectures in Japan, and every single one of them makes at least a little bit of sake. This was not the case until a few years ago, when one company in Kagoshima, the erstwhile lone holdout owing to its status as the premier sweet potato shochu producing region, added a sake to their array of shochu. Even in tropical Okinawa, the home of the idiosyncratic distillate awamori, there is one company who makes a tank or two of sake a year.

There are of course the major producing regions, like Hyogo, Kyoto, Niigata and Akita, and also those on the other end of the spectrum that produce very little. Buried in there somewhere amidst the more nondescript regions is Hokkaido. As the northernmost of Japan’s four main islands, Hokkaido is one prefecture all by its large self. But Hokkaido’s sake-brewing fortunes are possibly pivoting toward recognition and popularity.

The prefecture is attracting a lot of attention on several fronts that straddle a variety of industries. Namely, there are a couple of new breweries there on the sake production front; there are a handful of new sake rice varieties there showing up the agriculture front; and there is a lot of proactive tourism promotion there as well that continues to be a formidable destination draw. The intersecting aspects of these three are laden with potential as well.

Looking back a bit, Hokkaido once had over fifty breweries at its peak, and was the tenth largest brewing region. Things contracted from that zenith, and now there are only 13 breweries remaining, although many of them are noteworthy and appealing.

Next, let us look at sake rice. I recall a brewer from one of the Hokkaido companies once telling me that he found an old brochure from his own company on the floor of the storage room in the brewery. In the brochure, the company boasted – not stated, mind you, but actually boasted – that all of their rice was from Japan’s main island, Honshu, and that none was from Hokkaido.

Why? Because back then, Hokkaido rice had a pretty bad reputation. But a combination of agriculture technology and, unfortunate though it may be, climate change has made Hokkaido rice quite appealing, tasty and reasonably priced.

On top of regular table rice, much effort has been put into developing sake rice strains too, with good success. Hokkaido represents about 22 percent of Japan’s topography, so there is plenty of room for sake rice cultivation. And rising to that challenge, Hokkaido is now the second largest rice-producing prefecture (for all rice, of course, not just sake rice).

There are three main sake rice varieties developed and grown in Hokkaido, all created in the last twenty years or so. The most widelyYeast Starter grown, Ginpu, tends to yield light and clean sake (Ginpu, by the way, has established itself well enough to be used by breweries all over Japan, and is now firmly ensconced in the list of the ten most-grown sake rice varieties). Next is Suisei, which is well rounded and often yields a gentle sweetness that seems especially prominent amongst Hokkaido’s dry sake environment. And third is Kitashizuku, the newest. So new, in fact, that it is hard to see a tendency of character in the sake made using it. That will take another few years. There are a also a couple of widely grown table rice types used in sake brewing too, namely Kirara 397 and Yumepirika.

There are, in fact, several breweries that look at global warming and believe that, as things get warmer, Hokkaido will become an increasingly important rice region, and as such it is beneficial to learn to use the rice from that region well, and to develop the personal relationships that will help ensure a steady supply once that time comes.

Back to the sakagura of Hokkaido, several are well-known and have been for decades, perhaps none more than Otokoyama. Others include, Kokushi MusoChitosetsuru, and Kunimare. Lately, a smaller brewery making a sake called Niseko is making its mark as well.

Perhaps most interesting to many in the sake world are two others, one being Kawakami Taisetsu. Readers may recall that in the last issue of Sake Industry News we spoke of the hassles involved with getting a sake-brewing license, and in this case as well it was not granted anew. Rather, a passionate investor of some means bought a dormant brewery in Mie Prefecture in the western part of Japan and moved the company up to Kawakami Village in Hokkaido and started the company anew.

The tōji is a journeyman master brewer, having worked at breweries in five different prefectures before his most recent one in Hokkaido, which went under a couple years ago. The two teamed up and began brewing Kawakami Taisetsu in a small, craft-laden manner using the three aforementioned Hokkaido sake rice types. As mentioned above in Industry Stirrings, things have gone well enough for them that they are opening a second brewing location that doubles as a tourism site and is to some degree open to the public.

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There is also one more brewery that packed everything up and moved up to Hokkaido: Michizakura Shuzō, brewers of Michizakura sake. This company moved their production to a village in Hokkaido that had no breweries. The brewery itself is under construction, with brewing slated to begin in October. There is a story as to how and why this move took place, but I am not yet privy to it. Look for that in a future issue.

Then there is the touristic aspect of Hokkaido. It has long been a popular ski destination, although perhaps more for visitors to Japan than Japanese people. But beyond that there are just huge, beautiful expanses of nature, with hiking and camping and a plethora of agricultural products to enjoy. All of these are great opportunities to let the world know just how good their sake can be.

There is just one concern that I have, and that is that there are only 13 active breweries up there. Of course, that is plenty if the goal is just to find great sake. Heck, one can be enough! But it is easier to develop a reputation as a sake-brewing region of diversity and quality when there are a large number of breweries with a large number of products from which to draw. With only 13 making sake up there, as good as each one of them might be, once having tasted the lineup, some folks might move on to other regions of note.

But in truth, while having a reputation that pervades the entire region can help in marketing the sake of that region, if most or even some of the breweries are doing well enough with their sake and its reputation, then the region should be considered successful.

Look for the sake of Hokkaido, especially but not limited to the ones mentioned above. It should continue to prove a very interesting region in the years to come.

The Leverage of Post-Brewing Processing Steps

The sake brewing process is a fairly intricate, convoluted affair that sounds complicated at first listen, and only gets more so as one gets deeper into it. And that is precisely the appeal of sake: you’ll never know it all. If one were to streamline the explanation so as to convey it in just a few sentences, it might sound like the below. While it is a super simplification, it is enough to lay the foundation for the topic here.

“To make sake, a yeast starter that has a very high concentration of yeast must first be created so as to allow the subsequent fermentation to continue unfazed by all the stray micro-organisms dropping in for a visit. But to get sugar to feed that yeast, some of the rice must be inoculated with a mold, koji mold, that provides enzymes and breaks down starch molecules to glucose.

“After the yeast starter is adequately prepared, the size of the batch is essentially double three times over four days by adding more rice, moldy rice, and water, with the purpose of dividing it up into three separate additions being to keep the yeast population high and strong. After the 20- to 30-day fermentation period, the remaining rice solids are filtered out through a press to yield clear sake.”

There you have it, in all of its tradition-insulting oversimplifying glory. What we have at this point is undeniably sake. But if the explanation of the process were drawn out over several pages, it would likely be then suffixed by something akin to, “oh, then, you might charcoal filter it, you might pasteurize it, store it, cut it with water, maybe pasteurize it again, bottle it, and ship it.” This makes it sound as if once fermentation is completed and you have “sake”, the rest is a simple matter of course, and not much to be concerned about. But, as you may have surmised, it is not that simple. Sake never is.

Without a doubt, the “after it’s sake” processing has just as much to do with the nature of the final product as does the complicated brewing process before it. One brewer told me that he considers the last few steps, or “after-care” as he called it, to be about 51 percent of the quality of a sake, and the complicated pre-pressing steps only 49 percent. A completed sake can take any one of a million paths, depending on the methodology, forcefulness, order and especially the timing of these “post-brewing” processes.

Perhaps the easiest thing to look at as an example would be pasteurization. When a sake is pasteurized by essentially warming it up for a short spell, various things happen, most notably bacteria are killed, and enzymes are deactivated. This provides great stability to the product. But the timing of this step ( usually done twice, by the way) is a huge factor in how a sake matures.

Consider a freshly pressed tank of sake. It has residual enzymes, a bit of sugar and starch and a few stray yeast cells still hanging around and looking for some action. Like all late-night partiers, these folks will interact a bit and their presence will be felt. But once the police-sweep of pasteurization clears out the ‘hood, these colorful characters are gone, as is the potential effect of them having been there.

Waxing technical again, sake matures much more quickly when it is stored unpasteurized, and much more slowly after it has been pasteurized. So the longer a brewer waits to put the heat on, the fuller, richer, meatier, more pronounced-in-flavor the sake has a tendency to be.

Of course, nothing is quite that simple. It will mature after pasteurization, just not as vividly.

The point being, there are no hard and fast rules for the brewers to follow. What kind of sake is the brewer aiming for? How close or far from that is this particular batch? How slowly or quickly will that puppy in particular mature? When can it be expected to be shipped? How much time is there to play with, both before and after pasteurization? Can it be stored cold or must it be at room temperature, and what are the effects of that environment on what it is and what it will be? It is as frustratingly difficult as any other step in the brewing process, and exerts as much leverage as well.

Traditionally, sake was pasteurized once very soon after brewing, then stored in a storage tank, and pasteurized again on its way to the bottle to ward off the effects of any bacteria it may have encountered on the way from said tank to said bottle. Today, however, there are countless variations of this once-standard way of processing.

Another not-so-simple issue is bottling. From long ago, sake was matured for six months or so in large tanks, then bottled later. But lately there has been a significant movement amongst craft brewers toward storing in bottles, not tanks, which calls for a much larger amount of warehouse storage space.

Huge. Still, many brewers find this yields a more fine-grained sake. Sake handled this way if often pasteurized just once, and more mildly as well.

The duration of maturation and dilution with water are similar in the myriad of affects that will result from different choices. Put them all together, and you can begin to see that the permutations are endless. Also, keep in mind there is no right way to do anything. It is all a function, obviously, of what style of sake the brewer intends to make.

Fine-grained, or big-boned? Light and dancing or settled and earthy? A one-glass sake or a session sake? All have their place and fans, and all call for different after-care.

At a tasting a while back of Shizuoka Prefecture sake, I made my way to the Kikuyoi booth. Shizuoka sits about an hour south of Tokyo, and is the home of half of Mt. Fuji, as well as Japan’s best green tea and best wasabi. It has been a haven of good sake since the late 80s, rather than for centuries, but it is making up for lost time with a mighty vengeance.

Kikuyoi is brewed by owner-to-be and toji Takashi Aoshima. For now, let us just say there are great stories behind this brilliant guy, having looked askance at his sake-fate initially, then later returning to it with an unrivaled passion. His sake is settled and simple, delicately rich, and decidedly not ostentatious. I make a point of tasting it a lot – yea, verily, drinking it a lot –  and as I worked across his table I noticed that the degree of maturity this time was exquisitely precise – more so than I recalled. The flavors stood out from their mellow background just perfectly.

Catching Aoshima-san for a brief moment after my run-through, I told him as much. “Your sake seems to be matured almost perfectly,” I offered.

“So! That’s right!” he blurted enthusiastically. “I agree wholeheartedly. I finally got the knack of it; it’s all in the timing of the pasteurization,” he explained.

“So now,” he continued, “I have, like, zero time. I am basically brewing in the winter, growing rice in the summer, and fiddlin’ with pasteurizing my sake and stuff like that in the gaps between.” The fact that he was beaming happily about his fate made it hard to feel sorry for him. He is famous for the dedication and energy he puts into brewing his sake, and it was evident in our conversation.

When next you come across an explanation on a label for from  brewer on something as innocuous-sounding  as pasteurization, bottle storage, or charcoal filtration remember that, as simple as those steps sound in comparison to koji and yeast starters and multiple additions, they carry quite the clout when it comes to the nature of the final sake.

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Hatsu-Nomikiri

“The First Tasting of the Season”

There is one yearly event, however, that livens the whole place up: hatsu-nomikiri. Held sometime between June and September, this is an event in which the condition of each tank of sake brewed the previous season is sampled and checked.Sake breweries are usually fairly quiet in the summer. Except for the few large breweries where brewing continues all year, most places are dark and quiet and empty, as the brewers themselves have gone home for the summer. Traditionally, the brewing staff traveled great distances from their rural farmland homes to work at the kura (brewery), although today most places employ local people.

Until about 100 years ago, sake was brewed in cedar tanks with bamboo bindings. Gorgeous though they may be, such tanks are significantly less airtight than the solid enamel-lined steel tanks used today, there was a greater possibility that the sake had “gone south.”

This might mean one of several types of contamination, with the most common being “hi-ochi,” a condition that can arise in unpasteurized sake. Sake suffering the dreaded hi-ochi becomes cloudy and yeasty, with the various flavors going haywire to the extreme.

And, so, each summer, most commonly just after the rainy season, the toji would trek back to the kura. In front of a small gathering of insiders, the valve at the bottom of a tank would be opened, and a small stream of sake would be guided into a special tasting glass that allowed the fragrance to spread. This would first be offered to the owner of the brewery. After he gave the nod, the toji himself would sniff and assess. They would then proceed to the other tanks one by one, checking the condition of each in the kura.

This is precisely the situation, by the way, in which a traditional tasting cup, a 180 cc white porcelain tumbler with two blue concentric circles on the bottom, would be used. The blue circles on the white background allow one to easily assess the clarity of the sake.

Each tank brewed throughout the season will take on a short life of its own, and the way each matures in the tank over the several-month aging period will be slightly different. Some will seem more well-rounded and balanced, others more brash and immature. The flavor and fragrance will of course be slightly different for each as well. So one other reason for tasting from each tank is to determine in which order the tanks will be bottled and shipped, with the more mature-tasting tanks going first.

These days, the aforementioned enameled metal tanks are the norm, so that the worries of the past are not as much of a concern today. Still, the event takes place, with the toji and owner being joined by perhaps a few important sake dealers, and several “kanteikan”(professional tasters) from the prefecture’s sake research center, or a similar such organization. These sensei will record their opinions in detail, to be used by the brewery for internal reference only.

Things proceed much in the same way as the old days, with sake being drawn off from a valve at the bottom of the tank. The temperature is recorded, sometimes written in chalk on the ground or even on the tank itself. The number of the tank is recorded, and the sake brought to another room for a formal tasting in a more official setting.

Yeast StarterThe results of this exercise will also help determine how the blending of the various tanks will proceed. For example, blending tank #4 with tank #21 may create precisely the type of sake aimed for, based on the tasting notes. Other information, such as whether or not a sake will benefit from pasteurization or extended aging, can also be inferred.

Naturally, things are vastly different from kura to kura. For example, most places have already completed their hatsu-nomikiri by the end of July. Many kura in Akita Prefecture, however, gear up for the event in September. Also, as this is the first such tasting, traditionally kura would then check the condition of the sake several times after that.

However, this is not something to be done haphazardly. When the tank is opened and sake drawn off like that, there is the risk that this act in itself will allow contaminating bacteria into the tank. It must be performed carefully, with clean implements.

Today, however, there is great diversity in the methods of each brewery. Many places age their sake in bottles, not in tanks. Also, some breweries age their sake a full year or two (usually at low temperatures) before even considering shipping it. Although the condition of such sake will also be assessed from occasionally, the actual hatsu-nomikiri might not take place for a while.

Although the timing and logistics of the hatsu-nomikiri have evolved and are adapted to each brewery’s needs, the event takes place everywhere, with at least a bit of inter-kura fanfare.

Also check out my Sake Education Video Channel on YouTube here:

 

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Interested in learning more about sake, and the industry in Japan that makes it? Subscribe to Sake Industry News, a twice-monthly newsletter covering news from within the sake industry in Japan.  Learn more and read a few sample issues here.

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Bubbles, Foam and Froth

and what they tell you…

Sake brewing today has become very scientific. But long ago, before the days of thermometers, hydrometers, and barometers, brewers relied entirely on their five senses to gauge the progress of a fermenting tank of sake. As a curious side note, one toji told me that they compared the accuracy of some of the old school guys to that of modern instruments, and that the old toji of yesteryear were just as accurate as the modern equipment. Not sure this has been scientifically documented, but it is a great anecdote.

Although they might not have known the scientific causes for the phenomena they were observing, experience and intuition (there it is again!) told them how to interpret what they saw, tasted and smelled. One of the most reliable of these empirical yardsticks – and one that is still used today – is the appearance of the foam on the top of the moromi (fermenting mash).

Throughout the 18 to 35 day ferment, the foam will change appearance quite regularly, and very clearly reflect what is taking place inside the tank. Over the centuries, names were given to the foam at each stage that made it easy to assess and convey the status of the work in progress.

After the yeast starter has been created, and after the three additions of water, rice and koji over four days have been completed, foam will begin to develop as the yeast cells process the sugars in the tank, and give off carbon dioxide. This will rise to the surface, often still attached to the yeast cells. This is why the foam has two and a half times as many yeast cells in it as the liquid beneath.

Two or three days into the ferment, small striations will appear on the surface, similar to taught muscle under skin; hence the term suji-awa (fibrous foam). Next, a think layer of soft foam will begin to cover the entire tank; this is known as mizu-awa (water foam).

The timing of these changes of course depends on a myriad of factors, such as how much the rice has been milled, and the temperature of the tank. But soon after this the ferment will enter its most active stage, and foam will rise in great swaths, so that it looks like huge rocks tumbling over each other. This is known as iwa-awa (rock foam).

This continues into the highest stage of foam, known as taka-awa, with the bubbles themselves at this stage being very small and fine. This usually occurs about the tenth day or so, but there is great variation depending on a plethora of factors.

The foam rises so high that brewers usually rig a simple rig consisting of a piece of wire that gently spins on a motor with the sole purpose of gradually beating down the foam as it rises. This spares them the need for extremely high-walled tanks. It also aids in sanitation, as one of the greatest sources of sake-spoiling bacteria is foam that has dried on the inside of the tank.

As the fermentation begins to wane, the foam too falls back, leading to the stage known as ochi-awa (falling foam). This segues into a stage with very large, soapy-looking bubbles known as tama-awa (ball foam).

After this foam, too, fades away, the surface of the moromi is referred to as ji, or ground. This stage has many sub-conditions with their own names. Small wrinkles in the surface are referred to as chiri-men (a type of rough cloth). A totally smooth surface is known as bozu, in reference to the shaved head of a priest. If rice solids that did not ferment have risen to the surface, it may look like a lid is on the moromi, and this is referred to as futa (lid).

Much can be told about the quality of the sake at this stage from observing this surface. For example, if the lid is thick, it indicates that a significant amount of wild yeast ended up in the moromi and survived.

This is because the fibers in rice tend to attach themselves to many types of wild yeast, and rice to the surface when pulled by the carbon dioxide molecules, giving that thick-lidded appearance. Brewers know, then, that a thick-lidded moromi in its final stages will often lead to a sake that is rough, acidic and less refined.

Naturally, today these observations are combined with chemical measurements such as acidity, residual sugar, and temperature to create the precise and wonderful flavor profile for they aim. But back in the day, the appearance of the foam was an important tool for brewers in assessing just when a sake was ready.

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Interested in learning more about sake, and the industry in Japan that makes it? Subscribe to Sake Industry News, a twice-monthly newsletter covering news from within the sake industry in Japan.  Learn more and read a few sample issues here.

Modern Milling: Regular, Henpei, and now Genkei

This article originally appeared in the April 15 issue of Sake Industry News

Amongst the many steps of the sake brewing process, some are more glamorous than others, and that therefore garner more attention. “Koji-making” and “yeast starter” sound so much more romantic than “milling the rice.” As such it becomes easy to dismissively abridge the more mundane-sounding processes, and even more so when modern machines do a much better job than hassle-laden traditional hand-crafted methods.

And rice milling is the epitome of this. We usually say, “first, they mill the rice…” and move on to the more glamorous steps. But that belies how incredibly important milling is. One could say it is the most important step, since if the rice is not milled well – if there are lots of cracked or broken grains as one example – then the rest of the processes will not proceed well and the resulting sake will suffer.

Why, again, do they mill the rice? The objective is to remove fat and protein from the outside of the rice grains while leaving the starch in the middle intact, and doing this in such a way that the rice grains do not crack or break. Protein and fat can give character to sake, but they are usually viewed as the cause of rougher flavors. And avoiding cracking and breaking while milling is important so as to let the microorganisms used in the process to do what they need to do effectively and predictably.

From eons ago, rice in Japan has been milled a bit before being consumed. But really, only the outer eight to ten percent is milled away; that is enough to significantly improve the way it tastes. Long ago rice was milled using using grinding stones, often driven by water wheels when available. But this was rough, and only the very outer portion (that eight to ten percent) could be milled away.

In 1896, the company Satake, located in Hiroshima, developed automatic milling machines that made all that much easier. And that company grew into the largest rice milling machine company in the world, which they remain today. In the 1930s, Satake went on to develop special milling machines to mill rice especially for sake brewing. These employed harder milling stones that were much larger, and through these developments brewers were able to mill the rice much farther then ever before. This technology led to higher and higher milling rates, and eventually, the advent of ginjo-shu.

So for a long while, it was all about Satake. But note, the company’s bread and butter (or rice and pickles, as it were) was machines for table rice, a market they dominate today as well. But there are other milling machine producers, and many have come and gone. Today, the other main company that makes rice milling machines is Shin-Nakano. Both are great companies, and both continue to make their presence felt.

Shin-Nakano, while a much smaller producer of milling machines, is part of larger holding company that owns other sake industry businesses, including a couple of sake breweries as well. And they have maintained plenty of relevance by focusing on craft breweries, and offering plenty of added value, in the form of research with backed by proper scientific methods that has from time to time gone against what has been common sense in the industry. For this and other reasons, many sake brewers stick with Shin-Nakano machines, and they are quite visible in the sake world.

But beyond the machines themselves and their producers, there are developments that start out as ideas in the minds of brewers and such, and eventually work their way into the technology. One of those is what is called Henpei Seimai, or flat milling.

In order to grasp Henpei Seimai, remember that rice grains are not round, but are oblong, kind of like a rugby ball, and the starch center known as a shinpaku within is also basically of that shape. And like many of us human beings, there is much more meat around the midsection than at the top or bottom. This “meat” in sake rice is fat and protein. But when milling machines mill, they take the rugby-ball-shape and make it round by milling evenly everywhere around the grain. This means that, when milling is done, there is more fat and protein around the sides of the shinpaku then at the ends.

If they could somehow maintain the oblong shape and mill more around the midsection then at the top or bottom, a higher ratio of fat and protein could be removed. This idea was proposed about thirty years ago by Mr. Tomio Saito, a former Chief Official Appraiser at the Tokyo Regional Taxation Bureau.

And it worked! The concept was embraced by Daischichi brewery in Fukushima, and others followed soon after that, and Henpei Seimai was born. (Actually, Daishichi takes it a bit further and calls it Cho-henpei Seimai, or “Super Flat Milling.” You can learn more about that here.)

Henpei Seimai does not call for special milling machines. It just calls for modifying and jury-rigging older machines, a lot of skill and a ton of patience on the part of the miller. But basically things are tweaked so that the rice grains fall in fewer numbers against the milling stone, and maintain a vertical orientation as they do. This means that more gets nicked off the sides each time than the top or bottom, and the henpei seimai goal is achieved. So anyone with the requisite skill and experience can do it, it just takes longer, and uses more energy as well.

This is obviously appealing to most brewers: remove a higher percentage of fat and protein with less milling. But since it is a hassle, most brewers do not do it. Yet, amongst those that do, Shin Nakano seems to be the machine of choice, (although that is based on observation and word on the street rather than hard statistics).

However: Satake came back into the mix by recently developing a new milling machine that can do Henpei Seimai, but without all the little adjustments that are normally called for. No mess, no stress. Just select “henpei” and it works. It does it faster as well, and uses less energy in doing so.

But they also took it a step further: Satake developed a slightly different milling outcome that they call Genkei Seimai. Genkei means “original shape,” and as can be surmised from the name, it purports to mill the rice in such a way that it ends up closer to the original shape than normal round milling or Henpei Seimai. The result is that there is more fat around the middle than Henpei, but less than regular milling. However, there is less cracking and breaking since the original natural shape remains more integrated.

They have, in fact, just introduced this machine and this way of milling, so there are not enough results in the field to develop an opinion. That will come, and we will look at some preliminary mumblings in a moment. But to me, the most significant thing about all this is that the mighty Satake is actively getting involved in the sake rice milling game again. That bodes quite well for the sake world.

Back to the differences between the milling methods, please refer to the drawing. Regular milling takes a rugby ball and mills it into the shape of a baseball, Henpei Seimai mills more from the fat-laden sides than the ends, and Genkei Seimai is less flat, and mills somewhere in the middle, with the objective being maintaining the original dimensions, so to speak, of the rice grain.

Several breweries in Hiroshima cooperated with Satake to brew sake that were identical in every way other than one being milled using Henpei Seimai and the other using the newfangled Genkei Seimai. One of them was Imada Shuzo, brewers of Fukucho. The owner/toji, Ms. Miho Imada, sent me a bottle of each to do the comparison.

In truth, I only had one bottle of each, and both were freshly pressed and nama. While certainly delicious, I might be able to tell a bit more with some time in the bottle and pasteurization, but that chance will come in time. And from what I tasted, the results were as subtle as might be expected considering how slight the differences in milling are.

The Genkei Seimai sake seemed sharper and brighter in aromas, but more settled, broader and rounder in flavor. The Henpei Seimai seemed richer in aromas but lighter in flavor. While I am not sure why the aromas were that way, knowing that Henpei was brewed with rice with a bit less fat and protein, the slightly slimmer flavor seemed appropriate. But again, we would need another hundred samples or so to come up with a truly dependable result.

After having brewed with all three types of milled rice, regular, Henpei and Genkei, Ms. Imada emphasized one thing quite emphatically.

“None of these methods is unequivocally better than the other. None will replace the other two; they all have their place. It depends on what kind of sake you want to brew; that’s the deciding factor.”

And, as mentioned above, to me what is most important is that these developments continue to take place, and that important companies like Satake continue be involved at the research and product development levels.

If you are in Japan, you can purchase both sake here and compare for yourself: https://fukucho.info/?mode=cate&cbid=2467869&csid=0

If you are interested the machine that does it, you can see the specs here, in Japanese: https://satake-japan.co.jp/products/ricemill/sake/edb40a.html

 

Know more. Appreciate more.
Interested in learning more about sake, and the industry in Japan that makes it? Subscribe to Sake Industry News, a twice-monthly newsletter covering news from within the sake industry in Japan.  Learn more and read a few sample issues here.

 

Hard Water and Soft Water Together in Sake Brewing

Of course they do…

I do not get to Ishikawa Prefecture often enough. It sits nestled basking in its historical glory, on the Japan Sea side of the country, its rich history former reputation for wealth and opulence in stark contrast to mellowness and sleepiness that pervades much of the prefecture today.

During my most recent excursion there, I was able to visit a brewer called Kuze Shuzo, whose main brands of sake are called Choseimai (“The dance of long life”) and Notoji (“The road to Noto”). As is the case with a lot of Ishikawa food and drink, it’s enjoyable but hard to find near me, enough to cause one to think, “Why haven’t I heard of these guys more often, and why can’t I find this near me?”

They are unique and extremely interesting in many ways, one being that they grow their own rice that is also called Choseimai, although written deliberately with different characters. And one of the most interesting aspects of their brewing practice is the fact that they use two sources of water, one hard, and one soft.

Readers will likely recall a number of things about water used in sake brewing in Japan, including that since in the end sake is about eighty percent water, it exerts massive leverage on the nature of the final sake. And while iron and manganese need to be at very low levels to even begin to think about using a water source for making sake, beyond that brewers discuss the hardness or softness of water. This is measured by the amount of magnesium and calcium or calcium carbonate.

While one is not unequivocally better than the other, hard water encourages a fast fermentation that often leads to full sake with a quick finish, and soft water allows a slower, more lackadaisical fermentation that, when combined with lower temperatures, is conducive to ginjo production and more readily results in sake that is softer, rounder, and more absorbing.

Overall, Japan tends to have slightly soft water compared to the rest of the world. So even what is called hard water here in Japan is actually kind of soft when compared to the water in other countries.

Back to Kuze. They have a well inside the kura as do many producers, and like most places this is of course the main source of water that they use for making their sake. But just outside the brewery is another source of water, a spring that is sourced from a completely different origin, and has a significantly different mineral profile. It is, in fact, fairly hard water.

And so just for the fun of it, or perhaps just be-Kuze they can, they use that hard water for some of their sake. Interestingly, some of their products use both sources of water, i.e. both hard water and soft water in the same tanks of sake.

This of course complicates things hugely, and is in essence a nod to the history and culture of their immediate environs. And good marketing of course, if you can get people to listen to the story.

As they explained their brewing philosophy and methods to us, they eventually came to the sake that is brewed with both sources of water. And it came to light that they limit the hard water to being used in the moto, i.e. the yeast starter, and the soft water to use in the moromi, i.e. the subsequent fermenting mash.

Bear in mind that when making sake, the first milestone is the moto – the yeast starter – which takes two to four weeks to prepare, and the goal of the moto is to have a mini-batch with an extremely high populations of healthy, strong yeast. After that, more ingredients are added in three stages, roughly doubling the size of the batch with each addition, and then fermented for an additional three to five weeks, with the goal this time being more alcohol, and enjoyable flavors and aromas of course. This longer fermentation is often carried out at lower temperatures, and much more slowly, as such conditions encourage cleaner and more aromatic sake.

So when they told us that they use the hard water for the yeast starter stage, and the soft water for the subsequent longer fermentation, I immediately thought, “ of course they do.”

Indeed, of course they do it that way. While it does in fact make total sense, it is quite instructive to note why.

Remember that at the moto stage their goal is creating a strong yeast starter, and that means they want the moto to ferment strongly, so as to have the yeast reproduce quickly and healthily. And hard water will support that. Conversely, they want the subsequent moromi stage to take place more slowly, to some degree inhibiting fermentation speed, to bring out more appealing aspects of flavor and aroma in the final sake. And softer water will encourage that.

So, yeah; of course they use the hard water for the moto and the soft water for the moromi.

With about 1200 sake breweries out there today, and almost all of them making decent stuff, it is hard to do something truly unique yet still somewhat orthodox – and still be tasty enough to sell well. While it is not a choice that is open to many breweries, Kuze Shuzo has found one way to do just that. And when you hear of just how they do it, there is naught to say but “ of course they do!”

 

 

 

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Visiting Japan this Year? Get to Nada and Fushimi.

The two largest sake brewing regions in Japan are also the most accessible!

When work, vacation or other travel brings you to Japan, if you are reading this newsletter, chances are you will be interested in checking out something sake related. If you are here during the brewing season in the winter, many if not most sakagura (breweries) are open to tours, although in almost all cases you would need to call ahead and make reservations and arrangements. So if you or someone you are with speaks the language, this should be no problem.

If you do not have the linguistic wherewithal, though, all is not lost. In Kobe and Kyoto there are several museums attached to sake breweries that have plenty of information in English, and have normal business hours that provide flexibility in allowing guests to drop in almost any time with no reservations.

While museums might not seem like the most sake-intensive experience you can have, these are actually quite informative, interesting and fun. So here is a quick rundown of accessible places to visit in Kobe and Kyoto.

The Nada Region of Kobe

The Hakutsuru Sake Brewery Museum

This museum is constructed in one of the old brewery buildings. You need to check in at the main gate. But once that trauma is over, you wander into a beautifully preserved building with a gorgeous garden at the entrance, with the ultra-modern sake brewing plant all around you. Be sure to get an explanatory brochure upon entering (available in several languages). Then, explore the self-guided tour on the first and second floor. There are, at each of perhaps eight stations, television monitors with wonderful two-minute videos showing the major steps in the brewing process, complete with old film footage. Narration is available in either Japanese or English – just select the right button. There are also extremely detailed scenes with manikins and well-preserved traditional old brewing tools that convey quite a realistic feeling of the work load of old. When you are finished, there is a small sake sample of which to partake, along with a video of how to properly taste sake.

Also, the gift shop is great, with both great sake and wonderful accoutrements on sale. All in all an excellently informative tour. If you have time for only one place, this would be it.

4-5-5 Sumiyoshi Minami-machi
Higashi Nada-ku, Kobe
TEL: 078-822-8907.
Open daily 9:30 – 4:30, closed Mondays.
Access: Five-minute walk from Hanshin Sumiyoshi Station. Fifteen-minute walk from JR Sumiyoshi Station.
Admission free.

The Kiku Masamune Sake Brewery Museum
Perhaps a ten-minute walk away, this museum was destroyed in the Great Hanshin Earthquake that devastated Kobe in 1997, and reopened in January of 1999. The gate and entrance way have been well restored to their original rustic beauty. Be sure to grab one of the lovely brochures (in English or Japanese) at the entrance when you sign in, and look for a detailed map of the breweries in Nada if you do not already have one. In the first large room is an excellent video from 1934 showing black and white brewing scenes, to vintage music. The narration is all in Japanese, but the scenery is easy enough to understand, and the accompanying music is classic. Excellent coverage of large-scale brewing back then, with dozens of men at one time mixing moto (yeast starters) or stirring vats. A small model of a Tarukaisen, the ships that went back and forth between Kobe and Edo, doing nothing but delivering casks of sake, sits near the entrance. Here there are less large brewing implements (although there are some), and more small storage vessels, like bottles and tokkuri and red, lacquered “tsuno-daru.” When you are finished, there are several sake to be sampled in the tasting and retail purchase room.

1-9-1 Uozaki Nishimachi,
Higashi Nada-ku, Kobe
TEL: 078-854-1029.
Open daily 10:00 – 4:00, closed Tuesdays.
Access: Five-minute walk from Hanshin Uozaki Station.Two-minute walk from Rokko Liner Minami Uozaki Station.
Admission free.

Sawa no Tsuru Sake Museum
A short taxi ride away is Sawa no Tsuru’s wonderfully charming museum. Originally constructed in 1978, it was totally destroyed in the Great Hanshin Earthquake. It was reconstructed as a replica of the original, and opened in March 1999. Here, you start with a short film as well, half modern reenactments and half cartoons. But it gets the point across visually. You then follow the flow of the original brewing steps in the old kura. Of particular interest are the reconstruction of the kama (rice steamer) area, and the sunken funaba (sake pressing box) area. Dozens of wooden brewing vats, lined up as they might have been long ago, convey a feeling of what it must have been like. A model of a Tarukaisen is on the second floor. Each of these ships could carry about 1000 koku, or 180 kiloliters, in small casks. That is equivalent to the yearly production of many kura today. When finished, there is a tasting room which offers only one sake for tasting, their genshu honjoz-o, but there are plenty of interesting things like pickles and snacks to purchase.

1-29-1 Oishi Minami-machi
Nada-ku, Kobe
TEL: 078-882-6777
Open daily, 10:00 – 4:00, closed Wednesdays.
Access: Fifteen-minute walk from Hanshin Oishi Station.
Admission free.

Kobe Shushinkan

And then there is Fukuju…

Foam on the top of a fermenting mashThe Kobe Shushinkan brewery was damaged severely in the Great Hanshin Earthquake in 1997, but has done a great job of rising from the ashes. The international award-winning sake brewed by this company is called Fukuju, and it is fairly prominent and lively especially compared to other sake from Nada. Tours are available, but not on a walk-in basis. You can learn a lot more about their brewery and facilities here and you can very easily make a reservation via email here to tour the brewery. It is very worth taking the time and planning ahead, and reaching out to set up a tour.

Also, they have an extremely cool shop, with sake, sake-related vessels and really interesting trinkets (like coin purses made from old sake filtration bags), and sake-friendly nibbles. Finally, the restaurant Sakabayashi is top notch, although reservations are necessary here too.

Lastly, if you click on the “Sake Breweries” link at the top of the first link mentioned above, you can see a list of all the breweries in Nada that offer tours, as well as a cool sake-centric map of the area.

Kobe Shushinkan
1-8-17 Mikage-tsukamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658-0044

TEL 078-841-1121
Open Daily 10-6

There are several other museums and points of interest in Nada, both museums and restaurants. A very useful map, entitled “Sake Breweries of Nada” and shown at left, can be found here. In fact, a proper search will reveal a whole bunch of maps of Nada sake breweries. And, in fact, a plethora of Nada maps can be found here, the result of a simple search.

Fushimi Region of Kyoto

Gekkeikan Okura Memorial Hall

In Fushimi, there are almost 40 sakagura, many in one tight neighborhood worth a walk-through. But perhaps the best museum would be Gekkeikan’s Okura Memorial Hall sake museum. Arguably the most significant brewer across the history of the sake world, many of Gekkeikan’s industry firsts are on display here. There is a partially viewable mini-kura attached, and a restaurant just around the corner. It is in the opposite direction from JR Kyoto station as most of the traditional Kyoto sights, but by no means out of the way. If you go to Kyoto, at least get here.

Also, right around the corner from this is a sake café that where you can try three sake from each of the breweries in Fushimi. Called the Fushimi Yume Hyakushu, it was the original head office of the company making Gekkeikan.

Gekkeikan Okura Sake Museum (Okura Memorial Hall)
A five minute walk from Chushojima station (Keihan line).
Phone No. 075-623-2056 Admission fee 300 yen (but you get a sake gift upon leaving!)
Open 9:00 – 16:30 Closed Mondays

Kizakura Kappa Country

Kizakura, also in the top five or six sake breweries in the country in terms of production, has amped up their tourist facilities with their Kizakura Kappa Country, with a restaurant, tasting room, and more – of both beer and sake.

It is a new-ish facility but it is in fact their original brewery building. You can see the brewing process here in all its largess, as well as lots of other sake-related stuff. Kizakura has always been a prolific advertiser, unlike most sake breweries, and you can see many of the advertisements they have used over the decades going back into the 50s.

And you can of course try (and buy!) their sake here. Furthermore, they also make good craft beer, and this too is available for sampling and sales at Kappa Country. The sake and beer are both more enjoyable with food, and of course there is a restaurant here as well so that you can confirm that for yourself.

By the way, a kappa is a mythical creature of dubious nature that has long been the corporate symbol for Kizakura. Learn more about kappa here.

Kizakura Kappa Country
228 Shioya-machi, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto City
Tel: 075-611-9919
Opening hours: 10am to 5pm
Closed on Mondays (unless Monday is a national holiday)

There are a few more breweries worth knowing about, and a few more sites to check out in Fushimi, and you can learn a bit about here. Of particular note is the place called Fushim Sakagura Koji, which is a indoor labyrinth of perhaps 20 restaurants and sake bars, at one of which you can order a flifght of 17 (count ‘em!) sake from Fushimi. Also of note is the sake retail shop Aburacho, which sells tons of Fushima sake, and where you can taste almost any sake from Fushimi brewers in the bar in the back. See more on that at the bottom of this guide page.

A guide to the sakagura of Fushimi can be found here, within which is a good map of those sakagura, and a veritable plethora of Fushimi maps can be found here.

If you are visiting Japan, even without a fully congealed plan, you simply must avail yourself of visiting at least the most accessible sake related places. Hopefully this guide will get you started. But remember, in many regions around Japan there are breweries open to visits – so be sure to check that out whenever you find yourself in places less accessible than Tokyo, Kobe and Kyoto.

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Announcing the launch of a new sake publication, Sake Industry News, a twice-monthly newsletter covering news from within the sake industry in Japan.  Learn more and read a few sample issues here.

Climate Change and its Effect on Sake Brewing

Warmer temperatures and strong storms are not to be trivialized!

The weather has been warmer the past few decades, and the environment has been much less stable overall. Japan is experiencing this as much as anywhere else, and while its effect on the sake world is not yet huge, everyone is aware of the changes and how they could impact things in the future. Sake production itself and, of course, rice growing are the two main things to consider.

Let’s look at production first. Of course, temperature is hugely important during sake production, as a difference of just a couple degrees during fermentation would lead to a completely different sake, in terms of both flavor and aroma. Basically, ginjo and daiginjo call for lower temperatures so as to stress out the yeast and extract all those fruity essences. Not that this kind of sake is the only game in town. But you know; I’m just sayin’.

But note, the industry pretty much has that covered. In the old days, sake brewing was much more at the mercy of nature. Kura (breweries) are built to be cold in the winter, and cooler than the outside in the summer. Thick earthen walls help that cause to some degree of course.

Jacketed tanksBut today, temperature control is much easier than in the past. Tanks can be concentrated into smaller space than in the past, and those rooms within the kura can be further insulated and cooled with modern climate control equipment, no problem. Individual tanks themselves can be chilled too, with all kind of tools now available such as jackets through which coolant can be run. Jury-rigged versions like garden hoses running chilled water can also be used for more budget-conscious breweries.

So proper, well thought-out industrial design can solve a lot of these problems. On top of that, there are also those breweries (like Taketsuru in Hiroshima) that take the philosophy that it is better to just let nature have her way, and let that be expressed in the year’s sake.

In truth, it’s not really this simple, since temperature control calls for more resources and energy. As time passes, we all need to be increasingly aware of that too as it can be part of the problem. The sake industry is not a large industry, and is just a drop in the bucket of energy consumption. But we still need to be conscious of such things.

Rice growing is another issue altogether. While changes are indeed apparent, thus far they are manageable rather than massive. But even bigger changes are afoot for sure.

For example, even though the climate has changed, the best Yamada Nishiki still comes from the same microclimates – such as Tojo and Yokawa – in Hyogo Prefecture, and the amount of top-quality rice that is harvested each year has not declined.

Surely modern technology in all areas helps this. For example, weather radar lenabled everyone to see the massive typhoon Hagibis that engulfed Japan in early October. This allowed the farmers growing Yamada Nishiki to quickly harvest the rice – albeit a bit earlier than they would normally have done it. An early harvest is much better than a ruined one. More significantly, though, climate change affects things in ways beyond higher temperatures.

There are other adaptations to the changing climate that are happening as well. For example, most good sake rice strains do not like colder temperatures, and so not much good sake rice has been grown in the northern parts of Japan. But as things warm up, the northernmost limit is getting nudged even further north.

Hokkaido, the northernmost of Japan’s four main islands, was long known for having not-so-good rice, to put it mildly. One brewer from there told me he found a company advertisement from the 80s that bragged – not stated but bragged – that all of their sake was made with rice grown on the main island of Japan, and not in Hokkaido!

But over the past decade or so, things have changed. There are several very good strains of sake rice being grown in Hokkaido, and the rice-growing industry there is actively marketing it to the rest of the country, and successfully so.

As an interesting anecdote related to this, Saga Prefecture is part of Japan’s southernmost of the four major islands, Kyushu. Plenty of good sake rice is grown there, including the aforementioned and sometimes overly adulated Yamada Nishiki. But one brewer I spoke to from Saga is going out of his way to buy and brew with rice from Hokkaido. Why would he bother with this when there is so much good rice locally available?

Yamada before harvestBecause he has his eye on the future. He feels that in time, good sake rice production may move further north. So he wants to get experience with the rice from that region and learn to make increasingly better sake with it. And, furthermore, he wants to open the channel of distribution and establish a relationship with the rice-producing industry up there, so that when Hokkaido rice gets more attention, he will enjoy the benefits of having developed a long-term, mutually beneficial relationship that will afford him preferential status.

Hopefully, we will all act in concert to slow down climate change and take better care of the planet. But the sake brewing industry is already pondering a handful of Plan B options. Let us see how it unfolds over time.

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Blending in the Sake World

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The brewing season – the first one of the new Reiwa era in Japan – has just begun. Most places have a tank or two, maybe more, already fermenting away. The fall is also the season for lots of tasting events of all kinds of groups and of various scales.

Indeed, the fall is the traditional season for announcing to the world how well the sake of the previous brewing period has turned out. But there is another tasting season, in April or so, where breweries will show their just-brewed sake, called “shinshu,” with all involved knowing it is a bit too young to completely enjoy. Worded more diplomatically, it is understood that most sake will get even better with a few months’ maturation. Such shinshu is brimming with potential, and can tell us a lot about how things went over the past winter.

Most of these are large tastings comprised of many brewers and a lineup of sake from each. But one in particular that I look forward to and value highly each year is put on by just one small brewer, for a couple of hours, in the dim, less-than-extravagant office of his main Tokyo distributor. The fact that I am extremely fond of this kura’s sake is surely a big part of my excitement.

The sake is called Hitakami, from Miyagi, and in short, what Hirai-san the owner does is to line up 30 or so sake, mostly pasteurized but some nama (unpasteurized), all genshu (undiluted, so perhaps a couple of percent higher in alcohol), and all very young. But what is unique here is the chance for those of us in the industry to taste each tank brewed with all its sparkling individuality. No homogenizing blending, not at that stage anyway. No chance for the sake to mellow out. And nothing to equal the playing field amongst them.

Bottles are lined up on a long, narrow table approachable on both sides, and flanked with spittoons strategically placed every meter or so. Each sake is labeled with the batch number of from whence it came. The handout received upon entering gives us the necessary information: “Batch #37, Junmai-shu, Hitomebore rice at 60%, Miyagi Yeast, Nama Genshu, Nihonshudo 5, Acidity, 1.5.” And so on down the line. Furthermore, we were given the date on which the sake was pressed, i.e. the day fermentation ended.

So each bottle at that tasting comes from a separate tank; none were blended. And this makes it extremely educational and interesting, as we can see how different tanks of sake brewed with the exact same ingredients and methods can be very, very different. And a tasting like this is the only time we can experience that. Why?

Because almost without exception, within a given brewery, each season all the sake of a particular grade that is destined to be sold as the same product will be blended together to ensure consistency. But they do not, for example, blend tank #33 and tank #54 since that combo would lead to something great, as they might do with some other alcoholic beverages. The intention is different.

Are there exceptions to this? Of course there are. There are exceptions to everything in the sake world. For example, there are some brewers that deliberately do not blend their products so as to let the uniqueness of each tank do the talking – the sake called Mana 1751 is one such example. And one large and historically very significant company, Kenbishi, does in fact identify three or more tanks in each year’s batch that will morph into something very special when blended. But most of the time, for almost all brewers, blending is done to promote uniformity across all the tanks destined to be sold as one particular product.

Consistency is an important expression of quality in the sake industry, both from bottle to bottle and from year to year. Ensuring that to the degree that it is possible is the objective of blending in the sake world.

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